Sigmoidoscopy: Overview, Preparation, Procedure, Recovery, Risks, and Aftercare
Overview
It is a medical procedure that examines the lower part of the colon, also known as the sigmoid colon, as well as the rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colorectal cancer, diagnose gastrointestinal conditions, or evaluate symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or changes in bowel habits. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end that is inserted into the rectum and advanced into the sigmoid colon to visualize the intestinal lining during a sigmoidoscopy.
Preparation
The following steps are typically involved in sigmoidoscopy preparation:
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Patients may be instructed to follow a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure and avoid solid foods, seeds, nuts, and high-fiber foods that may interfere with visualization.
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This may involve taking laxatives or using enemas to empty the colon to ensure optimal visualization during the procedure.
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Patients who take blood-thinning medications or have underlying medical conditions may need to adjust their medication regimen before sigmoidoscopy.
Procedure
A sigmoidoscopy procedure involves:
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On an examination table, the patient is positioned on their left side with their knees bent towards their chest.
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Sigmoidoscope Insertion: The sigmoidoscope is lubricated and gently inserted into the rectum. As it advances through the sigmoid colon, the physician carefully examines the intestinal lining, looking for polyps, inflammation, or signs of cancer.
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The physician may perform a biopsy or polypectomy (removal of polyps) if suspicious lesions or polyps are identified during sigmoidoscopy.
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Insufflation of air or carbon dioxide may be used to expand the intestinal walls and improve visualization during the procedure.
Recovery
Patients can expect the following after sigmoidoscopy:
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In the recovery area, patients are monitored for a short period to ensure they are alert and stable.
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Patients are usually able to resume their normal activities, including diet and medication regimen, immediately after sigmoidoscopy, unless their healthcare provider instructs otherwise.
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Mild discomfort, gas, or bloating may occur after sigmoidoscopy, but these symptoms usually subside within a few days.
Risks
A sigmoidoscopy is considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, but it carries some risks, including:
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It is possible to perforate the intestinal wall during sigmoidoscopy, particularly if the colon is severely inflamed or narrowed.
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There is a possibility of bleeding during sigmoidoscopy, especially if biopsies or polypectomies are performed.
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There is a risk of infection following sigmoidoscopy, especially if biopsy or polypectomy is involved.
Aftercare
Following a sigmoidoscopy, patients should:
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Make sure you drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and flush the colon of any residual bowel preparation solution.
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Keep an eye out for complications, such as severe abdominal pain, persistent bleeding, fever, or signs of infection, and contact your healthcare provider if any concern arises.
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A follow-up appointment should be scheduled with their healthcare provider to review the results of the sigmoidoscopy and discuss any further management or recommendations.
With a clear understanding of the overview, preparation, procedure, recovery, risks, and aftercare associated with sigmoidoscopy, patients can approach the procedure with confidence and ensure optimal outcomes.
