Genetic Testing: Overview, Preparation, Procedure, Recovery, Risks, and Aftercare
In genetic testing, the DNA of an individual is analyzed to identify changes or mutations that may increase the risk of certain diseases and conditions. Medical management, treatment decisions, and preventive measures can be guided by this information about the genetic makeup of an individual.
Preparation
Following are the steps involved in preparing for genetic testing:
-
An individual typically consults with a healthcare provider before undergoing genetic testing to discuss their medical history, family history, and reasons for considering genetic testing. It is possible for the healthcare provider to determine which specific tests are appropriate and if genetic testing is appropriate.
-
Consent and Confidentiality: Individuals need to be aware of the implications of genetic testing, including the possible risks, benefits, and limitations. They should also be aware of issues related to consent, confidentiality, and the privacy of genetic information.
Procedure
Following are the steps involved in genetic testing:
-
Depending on the genetic test, the sample can be collected from a blood sample, saliva sample, cheek swab, or tissue biopsy. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
-
Various types of genetic tests may be used in the laboratory, including targeted gene sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing.
-
Upon completion of the analysis, a healthcare provider or genetic counselor interprets the results. The authors discuss the implications of the results for medical management, treatment options, and preventive measures, including any genetic mutations or variations identified.
Recovery
As genetic testing does not involve any invasive procedures, individuals can resume their normal activities immediately after providing the sample for testing.
Risks
Genetic testing itself poses no significant physical risks, however learning about genetic predispositions to disease or condition can pose emotional and psychological risks. Test results and their implications for individuals' health and future may cause anxiety, stress, or uncertainty for individuals.
Aftercare
The following considerations may be helpful after genetic testing:
-
Following the test results, individuals may meet with a healthcare provider or genetic counselor to discuss the implications of the results and any recommended medical management.
-
For individuals who receive positive test results indicating an increased risk of certain diseases or conditions, genetic counseling may be recommended to provide additional support.
-
In order to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases or conditions, individuals may be advised to adopt a healthier diet, increase their physical activity, or undergo more frequent medical screenings, based on the results of the test.
