Angioplasty: Overview, Preparation, Procedure, Recovery, Risks, and Aftercare
Overview
Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to open blocked or narrowed arteries in the body, most commonly the coronary arteries. The procedure is usually performed in order to improve blood flow to the heart muscle in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or to treat peripheral artery disease (PAD). By reducing the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications, angioplasties can relieve symptoms such as chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath.
Preparation
Several steps are taken to ensure the safety of the patient and maximize the success of angioplasty. Among the medical evaluations patients may undergo are blood tests, imaging studies such as angiography and CT scans, as well as a review of their medical history and current medications. Before the procedure, patients may be advised to stop taking certain medications that can increase their risk of bleeding, such as blood thinners, and to refrain from eating or drinking for a certain amount of time. Any allergies or other medical conditions patients may have should also be communicated to their healthcare provider.
Procedure
To numb the area where the catheter will be inserted during angioplasty, usually in the groin or wrist, local anesthesia is administered. A thin, flexible tube called a catheter is then inserted into a blood vessel and threaded through the arteries to the blockage site. In order to restore blood flow, a small balloon is inflated at the catheter tip to compress the plaque buildup and widen the artery. Patients are usually awake during the procedure and can communicate with the healthcare team while a stent (a small mesh tube) is inserted into the artery to keep it open.
Recovery
Most patients can return home the same day or after a short hospital stay after angioplasty. It is common for patients to experience mild discomfort or soreness at the catheter insertion site, which can be managed with pain medications and rest. Patients should follow any specific instructions provided by their healthcare provider, such as avoiding strenuous activities and heavy lifting for a few days after the procedure. Within a few days to a week after angioplasty, most patients can resume normal activities, including work and light exercise.
Risks
Most patients find angioplasties safe and effective, but it is not without risks and complications, just like any other medical procedure. There are a number of risks associated with catheter insertion, including bleeding or bruising, damage to the blood vessels or surrounding tissues, allergic reactions to contrast dye, blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, and infection. Before undergoing angioplasty, patients should discuss the risks and benefits with their healthcare provider and carefully consider their decision.
Aftercare
Angioplasty aftercare involves following specific instructions provided by the healthcare provider to promote proper healing and minimize complications. To prevent blood clots and reduce complications, medications may be prescribed, such as blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs. Patients should also monitor the catheter insertion site for any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage, and contact their healthcare provider if they experience any abnormal symptoms or complications. Patients can reduce their risk of future cardiovascular complications by following these aftercare instructions and attending follow-up appointments on time.
