If left untreated, typhus is a group of infectious diseases caused by bacteria transmitted by fleas, lice, or mites. Read on for a straightforward overview of its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Causes
Three types of typhus are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia:
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In overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, epidemic typhus can be transmitted by Rickettsia prowazekii.
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Known to be transmitted by fleas, particularly those found on rats and other rodents, murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi.
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Mites in densely vegetated areas, such as rural regions in Asia and the Pacific Islands, transmit scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi.
Symptoms
Typhus symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:
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Sudden onset of high fever, usually accompanied by chills and sweating.
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A throbbing or pounding headache is often described as an intense headache.
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Small red spots or patches may appear on the trunk or extremities as a rash.
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Generalized muscle aches and pains, especially in the legs and back.
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In some cases, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur.
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In severe cases of typhus, neurological symptoms such as confusion, delirium, and seizures may occur.
Diagnosis
Typhus is diagnosed by:
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A healthcare provider will ask about the patient's symptoms, recent travel history, and potential flea, lice, or mite exposure.
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A thorough physical examination may reveal symptoms such as fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes.
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The presence of Rickettsia bacteria or antibodies in the bloodstream can be detected by blood tests, such as antibody tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.
Treatment
Among the treatment options for typhus are:
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The use of antibiotics, such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or chloramphenicol, is usually effective in treating and preventing complications associated with typhus.
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In order to manage symptoms and promote recovery, rest, hydration, and fever-reducing medications may be prescribed.
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A severe case of typhus may require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotic therapy and supportive care, particularly if complications such as dehydration, organ failure, or neurological symptoms occur.
Prevention
Typhus can be prevented by:
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Practice good hygiene, including regular bathing, washing clothes and bedding, and using insect repellents to minimize exposure to fleas, lice, and mites.
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Eliminating rodent infestations in and around homes, workplaces, and communities can reduce the risk of murine typhus transmission.
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Traveling to high-risk areas, particularly during peak transmission seasons, can help prevent exposure to typhus.
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Healthcare workers and travelers to endemic regions may be able to receive vaccination against certain types of typhus.
