There are approximately 1 in 2,500 live births with syndactyly, a congenital condition characterized by the fusion of two or more fingers or toes. Depending on the severity, syndactyly can involve partial or complete fusions of adjacent digits. Syndactyly can be effectively addressed by understanding its causes, recognizing its symptoms, and seeking appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Causes
When the fingers or toes fail to separate completely during the formation of the hands or feet, syndactyly occurs during fetal development. There is no known cause of syndactyly, however genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Syndactyly can occur on its own or in association with other congenital syndromes or genetic disorders.
Symptoms
Syndactyly is characterized by the following symptoms:
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Fingers or toes fused together
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Fused digits are connected by webbing or skin
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Affected digits are positioned or aligned abnormally
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There is variability in severity, ranging from mild fusion to complete fusion
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Depending on the extent of fusion, functional limitations in the hand or foot may result
Syndactyly may be accompanied by other congenital anomalies or developmental disorders.
Diagnosis
Syndactyly is usually diagnosed by a physical examination, which may include:
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Healthcare providers examine the fingers or toes visually to determine the extent of fusion and identify any abnormalities.
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Syndactyly or other congenital anomalies may indicate a genetic predisposition based on a detailed family history.
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The underlying bone structure and any associated skeletal abnormalities may be assessed by X-rays or other imaging tests.
Treatment
Depending on the severity of the condition, syndactyly may be treated with:
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A primary treatment for syndactyly is surgical separation of fused digits, also known as syndactyly release or reconstruction. A number of factors determine the timing and approach to surgery, including the child's age, the extent of fusion, and any associated anomalies.
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To optimize hand or foot function, promote healing, and prevent complications such as stiffness or contractures, rehabilitation and physical therapy may be recommended following surgery.
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In severe or complex syndactyly cases, prosthetic devices or custom orthotics may be used to improve function and aesthetics.
Prevention
The risk of syndactyly recurrence in families with a history of the condition can be reduced through certain measures, such as:
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An individual with a family history of syndactyly or other congenital anomalies may benefit from genetic counseling to assess the risk of recurrence and discuss testing options.
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During pregnancy, prenatal ultrasound can detect certain forms of syndactyly and other fetal anomalies, allowing for early detection and treatment.
