Introduction
Approximately 25%-30% of all lung cancers are caused by squamous cells that line the lungs' airways. SCC is a type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SCC develops in the central part of the lungs near the bronchi. It is most commonly associated with smoking.
Causes
Long-term exposure to harmful substances, particularly tobacco smoke, is the primary cause of squamous cell lung carcinoma. Other causes include:
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Smoking is the leading cause of SCC, and smokers have a significantly higher risk of developing it.
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Smoking secondhand also increases the risk.
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Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants, such as asbestos, radon, and air pollution, can cause SCC.
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Lung cancer may be caused by genetic factors in some individuals.
Symptoms
Squamous cell lung carcinoma symptoms vary depending on its stage. Common symptoms include:
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Lung cancer is characterized by a persistent cough that worsens over time.
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When you cough up blood (hemoptysis), you may have lung cancer.
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The tumor can obstruct the airways and cause difficulty breathing as it grows.
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Pain or discomfort in the chest may occur when breathing deeply, coughing, or laughing.
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Cancer is often associated with rapid, unexplained weight loss.
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In cancer patients, fatigue and lack of energy are common symptoms.
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Lung cancer can affect the vocal cords and airways, resulting in wheezing or hoarseness.
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Infections of the lungs such as pneumonia or bronchitis can be a sign of SCC.
Diagnosis
Squamous cell lung carcinoma can be diagnosed in several ways:
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To detect abnormal lung growths or masses, a chest X-ray or CT scan is usually the first test performed.
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An examination of the sputum under a microscope may be performed if the patient coughs up sputum.
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The purpose of a lung biopsy is to determine the type of lung cancer and confirm the presence of cancer cells. It can be done by bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
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A molecular test may be performed after lung cancer has been diagnosed to identify genetic changes or mutations in the tumor, which may guide treatment.
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Additional imaging tests, such as PET scans or MRIs, can be used to determine the cancer's stage and whether it has spread to other organs.
Treatment
Treatment options for squamous cell lung carcinoma depend on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include:
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For early-stage SCC, surgery may be an option. This may involve removing part of the lung (lobectomy) or the entire lung (pneumonectomy).
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Using high-energy beams, radiation therapy kills cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.
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Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill or shrink cancer cells. It is often used in combination with other treatments for advanced-stage SCC.
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In certain patients with advanced lung cancer, immunotherapy drugs help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Cancer cells can be slowed down by targeted therapy drugs, which target specific mutations or genetic abnormalities.
Prevention
Squamous cell lung carcinoma is primarily prevented by reducing exposure to known risk factors:
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Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke to reduce your risk of lung cancer.
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SCC can be reduced by reducing exposure to carcinogens, such as asbestos, radon, and air pollutants.
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Those with a high risk of lung cancer, like long-term smokers, may benefit from regular low-dose CT scans to detect cancer at an early stage.
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Healthy lifestyles include eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding harmful environmental exposures.
Conclusion
Smoking and other environmental exposures are primarily responsible for squamous cell lung cancer. Prevention through smoking cessation and avoiding harmful substances remains the most effective strategy for reducing SCC risk, though early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes.
