A Schwann tumor is a benign tumor that develops from Schwann cells, which produce the myelin sheath covering peripheral nerves. The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of schwannomas are discussed in this article. However, schwannomas can be non-cancerous and can cause symptoms depending on their size and location.
Causes
It is difficult to determine the exact cause of schwannomas. However, they are believed to arise when Schwann cells are altered or mutated. In some cases, schwannomas may occur sporadically, while others may be associated with genetic syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or schwannomatosis.
Symptoms
Schwannoma symptoms vary depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include:
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The affected area feels numb or tingly
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Muscle weakness or loss of function
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When the tumor compresses nearby structures, there may be pain or discomfort
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Sensation or mobility changes
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A visible or palpable mass under the skin, especially in superficial schwannomas
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Symptoms of nerve compression or dysfunction, like difficulty swallowing or breathing, if the tumor affects nerves in the head or neck
Diagnosis
Clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and biopsy are typically used to diagnose schwannomas.
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The healthcare provider will ask about the onset, duration, and progression of symptoms, as well as any relevant medical conditions or family histories of tumors.
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An examination may reveal signs of nerve compression, muscle weakness, or palpable masses suggestive of schwannomas.
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To visualize the location, size, and characteristics of the tumor, imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound may be used.
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A biopsy may be performed in some cases to obtain a tissue sample from the suspected schwannoma for microscopic examination under a microscope. Biopsy results can confirm the diagnosis and rule out other types of tumors or malignancies.
Treatment
Treatment options for schwannomas depend on the size, location, symptoms, and preferences of the patient. Examples include:
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To assess for any changes in size or symptoms, small, asymptomatic schwannomas may be monitored over time with regular imaging studies.
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If the tumor is symptomatic or enlarging, or is causing nerve compression, pain, or functional impairment, surgical excision may be recommended. In surgery, nerve function is preserved and complications are minimized while the tumor is completely resected.
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The use of adjuvant radiation therapy following surgical resection of schwannomas can reduce the risk of tumor recurrence or growth.
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Schwannomas may be treated with medications such as pain relievers or corticosteroids to relieve symptoms such as pain, inflammation, or nerve-related discomfort.
Prevention
It is often unclear what causes schwannomas, so there are no specific preventative measures. In contrast, individuals with a family history of schwannomas or genetic syndromes associated with schwannoma development may benefit from genetic counseling and screening in order to identify and manage potential risk factors or underlying conditions.
