Scarlet Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Children between the ages of 5 and 15 are most affected by scarlet fever, a bacterial infection that is caused by a toxin produced by streptococcus group A bacteria, which also cause strep throat and skin infections. In addition to the red rash covering most of the body, scarlet fever is accompanied by a sore throat, a high fever, and strawberry tongue. Scarlet fever can lead to kidney disease, rheumatic fever, and pneumonia if left untreated. Scarlet fever, however, is usually curable with prompt antibiotic treatment.
Causes and Risk Factors
This disease is caused by group A streptococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the throat and skin. It is spread through respiratory droplets, such as coughing or sneezing, or through contact with wounds or sores that are infected. It is the bacteria that cause scarlet fever's characteristic red rash and red tongue by releasing a toxin.
Some people are more likely to get scarlet fever than others. These include:
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Children between the ages of 5 and 15, especially those who attend school or daycare
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People who have a strep throat or a skin infection caused by group A streptococcus bacteria
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People who live in overcrowded or unsanitary conditions
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People who have a weakened immune system or a chronic illness
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The symptoms of scarlet fever usually appear within one to four days after exposure to the bacteria. The most common symptoms are:
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A red rash that starts on the face or neck and spreads to the chest, arms, and legs. The rash feels like sandpaper and may have red lines in the folds of the skin. The rash fades after about a week and the skin may peel.
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A flushed face with a pale ring around the mouth
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A strawberry tongue, which is a red and bumpy tongue that may have a white coating at first
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A sore throat and difficulty swallowing
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A high fever with chills
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Enlarged and tender lymph nodes in the neck
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Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
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Headache and body aches
It is possible for doctors to diagnose scarlet fever by examining the throat, tongue, and skin. They may also test for group A streptococcus bacteria by taking a swab from the throat or a wound. A rapid antigen test can give results in minutes, while a throat culture can take longer, but is more accurate.
Treatment and Prevention
It is recommended to treat scarlet fever with antibiotics, usually penicillin or amoxicillin, which kill the bacteria and prevent complications. In order to avoid relapse or resistance, it is important to complete the entire course of antibiotics, even if the symptoms improve. They are taken orally for 10 days after the diagnosis.
Other treatments for scarlet fever include:
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Acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce fever and pain
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Plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and keep the throat moist
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Soft and cold foods that are easy to swallow, such as oatmeal, soup, yogurt, and smoothies
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Avoiding spicy, acidic, or hard foods that may irritate the throat, such as citrus fruits, tomato sauce, and crackers
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Gargling with warm salt water or using a humidifier or a vaporizer to soothe the throat
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Resting until the fever is gone and the energy is restored
Scarlet fever can be prevented by avoiding contact with people who have the infection or who have strep throat or a skin infection caused by group A streptococcus bacteria. Other preventive measures include:
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Washing hands frequently and thoroughly with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching the face
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Covering the mouth and nose with a tissue or an elbow when coughing or sneezing, and disposing of the tissue immediately
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Not sharing drinking glasses, eating utensils, or personal items with others
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Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with the bacteria
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Seeking medical attention promptly if symptoms of scarlet fever or strep throat develop
Infections such as scarlet fever can affect children and adults, but they are treatable. It is possible for most people to recover from scarlet fever without any complications by recognizing the symptoms, getting a timely diagnosis, and following the prescribed treatment. It is also possible to prevent scarlet fever by practicing good hygiene and avoiding exposure to bacteria.
