This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter's syndrome.
Causes
An infection in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract triggers reactive arthritis. Sexually transmitted infections, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, and gastrointestinal infections, such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia, are most commonly associated with reactive arthritis. Reactive arthritis may also be predisposesed by genetic factors.
Symptoms
There may be a variety of symptoms associated with reactive arthritis, which typically develop 1 to 4 weeks after the initial infection.
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The knees, ankles, and feet are commonly affected by joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
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Eye (conjunctivitis) or urinary tract inflammation
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A rash on the palms, soles, or genital area
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Tendon swelling and tenderness, especially in the heels (Achilles tendon).
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In some cases, fever, fatigue, and weight loss can occur
Diagnosis
Reactive arthritis is diagnosed based on a combination of a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. Diagnostic criteria may include:
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An infection in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract within the past two weeks
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Signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis, such as joint inflammation, eye inflammation, or skin rashes
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C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) tests are used to detect inflammation.
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Blood tests or cultures are used to detect specific infections, such as Chlamydia or gastrointestinal pathogens
Treatment
A common treatment approach for reactive arthritis involves relieving symptoms, reducing inflammation, and preventing complications.
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Pain relief and inflammation reduction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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Injections of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve pain in affected joints
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If the infection is bacterial (e.g., Chlamydia), antibiotics are prescribed to treat it.
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For severe or persistent symptoms, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or biologic agents may be prescribed
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Exercises and physical therapy that improve joint flexibility, strength, and function
Prevention
Reactive arthritis can be prevented by:
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To reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, practice safe sex and use barrier methods, such as condoms
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Preventing gastrointestinal infections by practicing good hygiene and food safety measures, such as washing hands thoroughly and avoiding undercooked food
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Infections should be treated promptly if symptoms persist or worsen
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Completing antibiotic courses according to instructions and following prescribed treatment regimens
