During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by severe mood disturbances and physical symptoms. You can find out about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods here:
Causes
A number of factors are believed to contribute to PMDD, including hormonal changes, neurotransmitter fluctuations, and genetics. Serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain may be affected by changes in estrogen and progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle, causing mood disturbances and other PMDD-related symptoms. PMDD may also be influenced by genetics and environmental factors.
Symptoms
A woman suffering from PMDD usually experiences severe mood swings, irritability, anger, anxiety, depression, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, insomnia or hypersomnia, changes in appetite or food cravings, bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, and muscle or joint pain during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In addition to affecting daily functioning, PMDD symptoms can also negatively impact quality of life.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of PMDD is determined by a healthcare provider based on a comprehensive medical history, symptom tracking over several menstrual cycles, and ruling out any other medical or psychiatric conditions that may mimic PMDD symptoms. When specific mood and physical symptoms are observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, PMDD is diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Treatment
Treatment for PMDD aims to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep may help reduce PMDD symptoms. For improving coping skills and addressing underlying mood disturbances, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy may be helpful. PMDD symptoms can be relieved by medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), hormonal contraceptives, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists.
Prevention
It may be necessary to identify and manage risk factors such as stress, lifestyle factors, and underlying mental health conditions to prevent PMDD. In order to prevent or minimize PMDD symptoms, regular exercise, stress reduction techniques, a healthy lifestyle, and support from a healthcare provider or mental health professional may be beneficial. Tracking symptoms and menstrual cycles may also help identify patterns and predict the onset of PMDD symptoms, allowing early intervention.
