Usually on one side of the body, Poland Syndrome is characterized by the underdevelopment or absence of chest muscles. There is no definitive cause of Poland Syndrome, but it is thought to result from a combination of genetics and environmental factors. It can also affect the hand, arm, and other structures on the affected side.
Causes
The precise cause of Poland Syndrome remains unclear, but it is believed to involve disruptions in embryonic development during early fetal development. The condition may be influenced by genetics, since some cases seem to run in families. Environmental or intrauterine factors may also contribute, but specific triggers have not been identified.
Symptoms
Poland Syndrome may cause the following symptoms:
-
Pectoralis major is typically affected by one-sided (unilateral) underdevelopment of chest muscles.
-
Additional features may include shortened fingers, webbing between the fingers, or differences in arm length on the affected side.
-
It is also possible for Poland Syndrome to affect the development of the breast and rib cage on the affected side, resulting in asymmetry or deformity.
Diagnosis
Poland Syndrome is typically diagnosed through a thorough physical examination and medical history, which includes an assessment of the chest, arms, and hands. A chest muscle involvement assessment and identification of associated abnormalities of the ribs or other structures can be conducted using imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound.
Treatment
Poland Syndrome is treated based on the severity of symptoms and functional impairments. If symptoms and functional impairments are mild, no specific treatment may be required, and individuals may adapt to any cosmetic or functional changes without intervention.
Treatment options for more noticeable or significant deformities include:
-
Plastic or reconstructive surgery may be considered to improve the appearance and function of the chest, hand, or arm on the affected side. Procedures may involve muscle or tissue grafts, breast augmentation, or correction of hand or arm asymmetry.
-
Individuals with abnormalities of the hand or arm may benefit from custom-made prosthetic devices or orthoses.
Prevention
In the absence of a complete understanding of Poland Syndrome's causes, no specific measures can be taken to prevent it. Families with Poland Syndrome or other congenital anomalies may benefit from early detection through prenatal screening and genetic counseling. Furthermore, avoiding known environmental risk factors during pregnancy, such as smoking or exposure to certain chemicals, may help reduce the risk of developmental abnormalities.
