A periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) causes repetitive and involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep. These movements can disrupt sleep quality and result in fatigue during the day.
Causes
There is no clear cause for PLMD, but it is believed to be caused by abnormalities in the central nervous system that control muscles while asleep. In addition to age (PLMD is more common in older adults), a family history of sleep disorders, underlying medical conditions such as restless legs syndrome (RLS), sleep apnea, or narcolepsy, or certain medications or substances that affect sleep, certain factors may increase the risk.
Symptoms
Sleep-related repetitive and involuntary movements of the legs or arms are the primary symptoms of PLMD. They may occur every 20 to 40 seconds or persist throughout the night. In addition to flexing or extending the legs or kicking motions, these movements often disrupt sleep, causing frequent awakenings or awakenings. As well as fatigue and excessive sleepiness during the day, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and cognitive impairment, PLMD may also cause daytime fatigue.
Diagnosis
In order to diagnose PLMD, a medical history, physical examination, and sleep pattern and symptom evaluation are required. A healthcare provider may ask about symptoms, sleep habits, and any underlying conditions or medications that may contribute to PLMD. For monitoring sleep patterns and assessing limb movements during sleep, polysomnography may be ordered. A blood test or imaging study may also be performed to rule out underlying medical conditions.
Treatment
As part of treatment for PLMD, lifestyle modifications, medications, and other interventions may be used to improve sleep quality, reduce symptoms, and minimize daytime impairment. A regular sleep schedule, good sleep hygiene, and avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine before bedtime may help alleviate symptoms of insomnia. In order to improve sleep quality and reduce limb movements, medications such as dopamine agonists, benzodiazepines, or anticonvulsants may be prescribed. To alleviate symptoms, other treatments may be recommended, including leg massages, stretching exercises, and pneumatic compression devices.
Prevention
Sleep health and addressing risk factors that contribute to PLMD are essential to preventing PLMD. In addition to maintaining a regular sleep schedule, practicing good sleep hygiene, avoiding stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine before bedtime, and managing underlying medical conditions such as restless legs syndrome or sleep apnea, this includes managing underlying medical conditions. In addition, avoiding medications or substances that may worsen PLMD symptoms and seeking prompt medical attention for any sleep disturbances or symptoms of PLMD can help prevent complications.
