The peptic ulcer disease is a common digestive disorder characterized by open sores (ulcers) in the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. Peptic ulcers can cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms, and if left untreated, may lead to complications. Here are some things to know about them:
Causes
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen are the two main causes of peptic ulcer disease. Among the most common causes of peptic ulcers is H. pylori infection, which weakens the stomach and small intestine's protective lining, making it more susceptible to stomach acid damage. If taken in high doses or for a prolonged period of time, NSAIDs can irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcer formation.
Symptoms
Based on the severity and location of the ulcer, peptic ulcer symptoms may differ. Common symptoms include a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, usually occurring between meals or at night. There may also be bloating, belching, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite in addition to bloating. In some cases, peptic ulcers may cause complications such as bleeding (which can lead to bloody or dark stools) or perforation (which can cause sudden, severe abdominal pain).
Diagnosis
Medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are usually used to diagnose peptic ulcer disease. Inquiring about symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle factors like medication use and alcohol consumption may be conducted by a healthcare provider. In addition to upper endoscopy (a procedure that visualizes the inside of the stomach and small intestine), stool tests for H. pylori infection, and imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, may also be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
This may involve a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications to relieve symptoms, promote healing of the ulcer, and prevent complications. The most common treatment for peptic ulcer disease is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduce stomach acid production, antibiotics that kill H. pylori, and antacids or H2-receptor antagonists that relieve symptoms. It may be necessary to perform surgery to repair complications such as bleeding or perforation.
Prevention
It is important to avoid known risk factors and make lifestyle changes to improve digestive health when preventing peptic ulcer disease. It may include avoiding or limiting the use of NSAIDs, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, managing stress through relaxation techniques, and maintaining a healthy weight. Also, avoiding close contact with individuals who have H. Pylori infection can reduce the risk of contracting the bacterium and developing peptic ulcers.
