While penile cancer accounts for a small percentage of all cancers in men, early detection and treatment are vital for optimal results. Here's what you need to know about penile cancer:
Causes
Penile cancer is not fully understood, but certain factors may increase the risk of it developing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially with high-risk strains like HPV 16 and 18, poor hygiene, smoking, chronic inflammation of the penis (such as balanitis), phimosis (tight foreskin that cannot be retracted), history of genital warts, and a weakened immune system are some of the risk factors.
Symptoms
The symptoms of penile cancer may vary depending on the stage and location of the tumor. It is common to experience a lump or growth on the penis, change in the color or texture of the skin of the penis, persistent sores or ulcers that do not heal, bleeding or discharge from the penis, pain or discomfort in the penis, and swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin.
Diagnosis
Typically, a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are used to diagnose penile cancer. For signs of abnormalities, such as lumps, sores, or enlarged lymph nodes, a healthcare provider will examine the penis and groin area. For confirmation and to determine the extent of the disease, additional tests may be performed if penile cancer is suspected. These tests include biopsy, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and lymph node biopsy.
Treatment
Treatment for penile cancer depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the individual's health and preferences. A combination of these treatments may be used to remove the tumor (such as a partial or total penectomy), or to use radiation therapy. Advanced or recurrent penile cancer may require targeted therapy or immunotherapy. During treatment, the goal is to remove the cancerous cells while preserving as much of the penis as possible.
Prevention
While some risk factors for penile cancer, such as age and genetic predisposition, cannot be controlled, steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing this condition. Infections and chronic inflammation can be prevented with good hygiene, including regular cleaning of the penis and foreskin. A known risk factor for penile cancer is HPV infection, which can also be reduced by avoiding smoking and practicing safe sex. Vaccinations against HPV, particularly in adolescent boys and young men, may also help prevent HPV-related penile cancer.
