A parainfluenza virus is a virus that can cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to pneumonia. Parainfluenza viruses are more prevalent in children, but they can affect anyone. Infections with parainfluenza can be mild or severe, depending on the virus and the individual's health.
Causes
A parainfluenza virus can cause a variety of respiratory illnesses, including:
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Children are more likely to get croup, which is an inflammation of the voice box and windpipe that causes a barking cough and breathing difficulties.
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Inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, bronchiolitis causes wheezing and difficulty breathing. It is more common in infants and young children and is usually caused by parainfluenza virus type 3.
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Any type of influenza virus can cause bronchitis, an inflammation of the large airways in the lungs that causes coughing, mucus production, and chest discomfort.
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An infection of the lungs that causes fever, coughing, and shortness of breath is pneumonia. People with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly or those with chronic illnesses, are more likely to contract pneumonia, which can be caused by any type of parainfluenza virus.
Coughing or sneezing produce respiratory droplets that spread parainfluenza viruses. Parainfluenza viruses can also be transmitted by touching contaminated surfaces or objects, such as toys, doorknobs, or utensils. For several hours, parainfluenza viruses can survive on surfaces.
Symptoms
There are a variety of symptoms associated with parainfluenza infections, depending on the type of virus and the part of the respiratory system affected.
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Nasal congestion
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Throat infection
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A coughing fit
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The fever
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A hoarse voice
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Asthma
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Breathing difficulties
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Pain in the chest
Symptoms usually appear 2 to 7 days after exposure to the virus and last 7 to 10 days. Some people will have mild symptoms, while others may have life-threatening complications.
Diagnosis
An influenza infection is usually diagnosed based on its symptoms and physical examination. The doctor may listen to the lungs and look for signs of inflammation or infection, such as redness, swelling, or pus. For signs of croup or ear infections, the doctor may use a device called an otoscope.
In order to confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may send a sample of mucus or saliva to a laboratory for testing. The laboratory can identify the type of parainfluenza virus in several ways, such as:
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In viral culture, the virus is grown in a special medium and its characteristics are observed.
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DNA is amplified and detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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A serology test measures antibodies produced by the body in response to viruses.
A chest X-ray or CT scan may also be ordered by the doctor to check for pneumonia or other complications.
Treatment
Parainfluenza infections are not treated specifically. The treatment is supportive and aims to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.
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Drink fluids and rest to prevent dehydration and fight the infection.
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To reduce fever, pain, or inflammation, over-the-counter medications include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and antihistamines. Children, pregnant women, and people with liver or kidney problems should, however, use these medications with caution and under the doctor's guidance.
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Medications prescribed to treat secondary bacterial infections, severe viral infections, or inflammation, such as antibiotics, antivirals, or steroids. However, these medications are not effective against all types of parainfluenza viruses and may have side effects or interactions with other drugs.
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Use humidifiers, vaporizers, or saline nasal sprays to moisten the air and loosen mucus.
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The use of inhalers, nebulizers, or oxygen therapy can improve breathing by delivering medication directly to the lungs.
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People with severe or complicated infections, such as pneumonia, respiratory failure, or sepsis, may require hospitalization to receive intensive care and monitoring.
Prevention
Parainfluenza infections can be prevented by avoiding exposure to the virus and practicing good hygiene. Some of the preventive measures include:
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Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers or wash hands frequently and thoroughly with soap and water.
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When coughing or sneezing, cover the mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow and dispose of it properly.
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Unwashed hands should not be used on the eyes, nose, or mouth.
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You should avoid close contact with people who are sick or have parainfluenza symptoms.
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Toys, doorknobs, and utensils should be cleaned and disinfected frequently.
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Vaccinating against other respiratory infections that may increase the risk or severity of complications related to parainfluenza, such as influenza, pneumococcal, or pertussis.
