The testicles are male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones, such as testosterone, and are characterized by orchitis, which causes inflammation of one or both of them. There are several causes of chitis, including infections, trauma, and autoimmune diseases. The symptoms of chitis include pain, swelling, redness, and fever. An ultrasound, a urine test, or a physical examination can be used to diagnose chitis. It is possible to prevent orchitis by avoiding or treating risk factors, such as infections, trauma, or autoimmune diseases. Antibiotics, painkillers, or anti-inflammatory drugs may be used in the treatment of orchitis.
Causes
Orchitis is primarily caused by an infection of the testicles, such as a bacterial infection, a viral infection, or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
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Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder and out of the body by the urinary tract. Urine infection can spread from the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, to the epididymis, the tube connecting the testicles with the vas deferens, the tube that carries sperm from the testicles to the urethra.
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It is possible for the infection to spread from other parts of the body, such as the lungs, heart, or skin, to the testicles through the blood vessels.
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Lymphatic system, which carries lymph fluid and helps fight infections. Infections can spread from the groin, pelvis, or abdomen to the testicles via lymph nodes, which are small glands that filter lymph fluid.
There are several factors that can increase the risk of orchitis, including:
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A weakened immune system caused by HIV, cancer, diabetes, or medications such as steroids or chemotherapy
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A history of urinary tract infections, kidney infections, or prostate infections
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A history of testicular trauma, injury, or surgery
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A history of mumps, a viral infection that causes swelling of the salivary glands and testicles
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Multiple sexual partners or unprotected sex or a history of STIs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis
Symptoms
Symptoms of orchitis may vary depending on the extent and location of the infection. They may develop suddenly or gradually, and may affect one or both testicles.
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A constant or intermittent pain in the testicle, the scrotum, the groin, or the lower abdomen that worsens with movement, ejaculation, or urination
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The testicle, the scrotum, or the epididymis may be tender or hard to touch if they are swollen or enlarged
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A red or warm testicle, scrotum, or surrounding area, which may indicate inflammation or infection
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A fever or chills may indicate a systemic infection or complication
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Pain or infection may cause nausea or vomiting
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An STI or complication may be indicated by discharge or blood from the penis
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Testicle or epididymis damage or inflammation can reduce fertility or sexual function
Diagnosis
Symptoms, the onset and duration of the symptoms, the medical history, and diagnostic tests are all considered when diagnosing orchitis. In addition to asking about the symptoms, the doctor will also ask about the patient's medical history and sexual history. A physical examination will also be performed by the doctor, which will allow him to examine the patient's general health as well as his genital health. In addition, the doctor will perform a genital examination to assess the appearance and function of the penis, the testicles, the scrotum, and the prostate, and to detect any signs of infection, inflammation, or damage.
Diagnostic tests may also be ordered by the doctor, such as:
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Infections and inflammations can be detected by a urine test, which can measure bacteria, white blood cells, or blood in the urine
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Identifying the type and source of bacteria, as well as the best antibiotic to treat them, with a culture and sensitivity test
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Blood tests can measure hormone levels, such as testosterone, or markers, such as C-reactive protein, which can indicate whether the testicles are inflamed or not
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An ultrasound can provide a detailed view of the testicles, the scrotum, and the surrounding structures, and detect abscesses, tumors, and torsion
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An STI test can detect gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis in urine, blood, or penis swabs
Treatment
A patient's treatment for orchitis depends on the cause and severity of the condition, as well as their general health and preferences. Treatment aims to eliminate the infection, reduce the pain and swelling, and prevent or treat any complications. Some of the treatment options include:
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An antibiotic is a drug that kills or stops bacteria from growing, and cures an infection. It can be given orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the infection. Depending on the type and sensitivity of the bacteria, antibiotics can be given individually or in combination. It is important to use antibiotics with caution and under the supervision of a physician if you experience any side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or allergic reactions.
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A painkiller is a drug that reduces pain and fever, and improves comfort in the patient. It is available either orally or topically, depending on how severe and where the pain is. Over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or aspirin, as well as prescription painkillers, such as codeine, morphine, or tramadol, can be used. It is important to use painkillers with caution and under a doctor's supervision, as they can cause side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, or addiction.
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Inflammatory drugs, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, can reduce swelling and inflammation, and improve testicle or epididymis function. The severity and location of the inflammation determine whether anti-inflammatory drugs should be given orally or topically. Several anti-inflammatory drugs are available over-the-counter, including ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac, or they can be prescribed, such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, or dexamethasone. Inflammatory drugs can cause some side effects, such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, or increased blood pressure, and should be used cautiously and under a doctor's supervision.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of developing orchitis by following some preventive measures, such as:
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Infections that affect the urinary tract, the prostate, or the testicles, such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, or prostate infections, should be avoided or treated
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Keeping the testicles, scrotum, or surrounding areas free of wounds, trauma, or injuries
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Having multiple sexual partners or unprotected sex or avoiding or treating any STIs, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis
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Maintaining good hygiene, such as washing hands, genitals, and underwear regularly, and using clean towels, tissues, or cotton swabs
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Eating a balanced diet, drinking plenty of water, exercising regularly, and managing stress can boost the immune system
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If you experience any symptoms of orchitis, such as pain, swelling, redness, or fever, seek medical attention immediately
