When excess fat accumulates in the liver of people who do not drink alcohol, it is known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting about 25% of the world’s population. The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NAFLD will be discussed in this article. Inflammation and scarring can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Causes
NAFLD is not fully understood, but it is linked to several factors that impair the liver's ability to process and eliminate fat.
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Fat is stored in the liver and other organs when you are overweight or obese.
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Having high blood sugar and fat levels is a result of insulin resistance, when the cells do not respond well to insulin.
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As a result of type 2 diabetes, excess fat is produced and stored in the liver because the body cannot regulate blood sugar properly.
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Triglycerides, especially in the blood, can damage liver cells and cause inflammation.
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NAFLD susceptibility and progression may be affected by genetic factors.
Symptoms
As NAFLD progresses, some people may experience the following symptoms:
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Weakness or fatigue
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Pain or discomfort in the abdomen
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Weight loss or loss of appetite
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Vomiting or nausea
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There is itching or jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
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Legs or abdomen swelling
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Problems with memory or confusion
Diagnosis
The doctor will examine the patient's medical history and lifestyle for signs of liver damage, including enlarged liver, tenderness, or accumulation of fluid, to diagnose NAFLD. The doctor will also order some tests to measure the level of fat and inflammation in the liver, as well as to rule out other causes of liver disease, such as alcohol, viruses, or drugs. Tests used to diagnose NAFLD include:
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The results of blood tests can reveal the levels of liver enzymes, liver function, blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
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An ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan can detect the amount and distribution of fat in the liver, as well as the presence of fibrosis or scarring.
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It is the most accurate way to diagnose NAFLD and assess the extent of liver damage to take a liver biopsy, a procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is taken and examined under a microscope.
Treatment
It is not known whether there is a specific medication or surgery for NAFLD, but the main goal of treatment is to reduce the risk factors and prevent the progression of liver damage.
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A weight loss of 10% or more of the initial body weight is recommended for people with NAFLD to improve liver function and reduce fat and inflammation.
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A healthy diet can lower the intake of calories, fat, sugar, and salt while increasing fiber, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein. A Mediterranean-style diet, which is rich in olive oil, nuts, fish, and whole grains, has been shown to be beneficial for people with NAFLD.
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NAFLD patients should exercise moderately for 150 minutes per week to improve metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and burn the excess fat in the liver and other organs.
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NAFLD can be treated with medications, which may be prescribed to treat the underlying conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol. It is not well established whether some medications, such as vitamin E, pioglitazone, or liraglutide, reduce liver fat and inflammation in the long run.
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A liver transplant may be considered a last resort for people with advanced liver failure or liver cancer due to NAFLD. However, it is a major surgery with many risks and complications.
Prevention
To prevent NAFLD, maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid alcohol and other substances that can harm the liver.
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It is important to monitor your body mass index (BMI) based on your height and weight. A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI above 25 is considered overweight.
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Choose foods that are low in saturated and trans fats, and high in fiber, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids, and limit your intake of calories, fat, sugar, and salt.
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Water can help flush out toxins and waste products from the liver and body.
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Taking part in physical activity can improve blood circulation and oxygen delivery to the liver and other organs, as well as reduce stress and inflammation.
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Women with NAFLD should abstain from alcohol or limit their alcohol consumption to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. Alcohol can damage liver cells and interfere with fat metabolism and elimination.
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Limiting or avoiding the use of drugs, such as acetaminophen, steroids, or herbal supplements, which can have toxic effects on the liver.
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Getting regular screenings and checkups can help detect and treat NAFLD and its complications early, and prevent further liver damage.
