Causes of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), the kidneys are unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination.
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Mutations in genes (inherited forms)
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Chronic kidney disease
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Lithium or amphotericin B use
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Unbalanced electrolytes (e.g., high calcium and low potassium)
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Obstructive uropathy
Symptoms of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms include:
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Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
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Polyuria (frequent urination)
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Nighttime urination (nocturia)
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Dehydration
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Fatigue
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Irritability
Diagnosis of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnosis involves:
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A review of medical history and symptoms is performed
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Checking electrolyte levels and kidney function with blood tests
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Osmolality and concentration tests in urine
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Testing the body's response to fluid restriction by depriving it of water
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If hereditary NDI is suspected, genetic testing should be conducted
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Treatment
In addition to managing symptoms, treatment may include:
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Preventing dehydration with adequate hydration
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Reducing urine output with a low-salt, low-protein diet
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NSAIDs or thiazide diuretics to decrease urine volume
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Managing underlying conditions or medication use
Prevention of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Among the preventive measures are:
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Those at risk should have their kidney function and electrolytes monitored regularly
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Medication that may cause or worsen NDI should be avoided
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Supporting kidney health through a healthy lifestyle
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Families with hereditary NDI may benefit from genetic counseling
In this article, we provide an overview of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention measures.
