Causes
Mycetoma is an infectious chronic, progressive condition caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). In most cases, it results from minor trauma or breaks in the skin barrier, such as cuts or puncture wounds, allowing certain fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma) to enter the skin.
Symptoms
Symptoms of mycetoma include:
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There is a gradual swelling of the affected area, usually the feet, hands, or less commonly, other parts of the body.
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Persistent and severe pain that may worsen over time.
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A pus-like discharge containing grains (fungal or bacterial aggregates) is visible in advanced stages.
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As the disease progresses, it can cause tissue destruction, bone involvement, and deformity.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing mycetoma involves:
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Examination of the symptoms, including swelling, discharge, and pain.
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X-rays or MRIs may reveal bone involvement and tissue damage.
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Microscopical examination of discharge to identify fungal or bacterial grains. Culture tests can confirm the causative organism.
Treatment
Mycetoma is treated by controlling the infection and managing the symptoms:
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Antifungal or antibacterial therapy is prescribed for long durations (months to years) depending on the type of mycetoma (fungal or bacterial).
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In advanced cases, surgical removal of infected tissue and debris may be necessary to reduce infection load and alleviate symptoms.
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Pain relief medications and wound care are utilized to promote healing and prevent secondary infections.
Prevention
Preventing mycetoma involves:
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Wearing appropriate footwear can prevent injuries that can lead to skin breaks and infection.
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To prevent fungal or bacterial infection, clean and dress minor cuts or wounds promptly.
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The importance of foot hygiene and early wound treatment for individuals at risk, such as agricultural workers or those living in endemic regions, is being educated.
Conclusion
Infections caused by fungi or bacteria enter the skin through minor injuries cause mycetoma, a chronic infectious disease. As a result of swelling, pain, and discharge, this disease can cause severe tissue damage and deformity if left untreated. Clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory tests help identify the causative organism, which is then treated with long-term antifungal or antibiotic therapy, surgical intervention, and symptomatic management. Early diagnosis and comprehensive management are crucial to improving outcomes for mycetoma patients. Protective measures and prompt wound care reduce the risk of infection.
