Causes
This syndrome is characterized by tearing of the mucous membrane that lines the junction between the esophagus and stomach (gastroesophageal junction). The tears are typically caused by excessive vomiting or retching, which puts strain on the junction.
Symptoms
Mallory-Weiss syndrome may cause the following symptoms:
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Blood or coffee-ground-like material is vomited due to bleeding from a tear.
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Pain in the upper abdomen, usually mild to moderate.
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Symptoms of the syndrome include nausea and recurrent vomiting, triggered by the tear or underlying conditions.
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Blood in the digestive tract causes dark, tarry stools.
Diagnosis
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is typically diagnosed by:
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Symptoms, such as vomiting episodes and bleeding, will be discussed with a healthcare provider.
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Abdominal tenderness or other abnormalities may be assessed during a physical examination.
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An upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) may be performed to visualize and assess the tear. An endoscope (a flexible tube with a camera at the tip) is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus and stomach.
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A barium swallow or CT scan may be ordered to evaluate the digestive tract and rule out other possible causes of bleeding.
Treatment
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is treated by addressing symptoms and promoting healing of the tear.
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Intravenous fluids may be administered to maintain hydration and replace fluids lost during vomiting.
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In severe cases of bleeding, blood transfusions may be required to restore blood volume and prevent anemia complications.
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To reduce stomach acid production and promote healing of the tear, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor blockers (H2 blockers) may be prescribed.
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An endoscopy may involve endoscopic therapy such as cauterization or clipping to seal the tear and prevent further bleeding.
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome rarely requires surgery, but may require it in cases of persistent or severe bleeding that does not respond to other treatments.
Prevention
In order to prevent Mallory-Weiss syndrome, risk factors must be minimized. These include:
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Limiting alcohol intake can reduce the risk of excessive vomiting and retching, which can cause tears at the gastroesophageal junction.
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome can be prevented by managing underlying conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eating disorders.
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People who experience recurrent vomiting, especially if blood is present in their vomit or stools, should seek prompt medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive the appropriate treatment.
Conclusion
It is characterized by tears in the mucous membrane of the gastroesophageal junction, usually due to excessive vomiting or retching. While the condition can cause significant bleeding and discomfort, prompt diagnosis and treatment can lead to favorable outcomes. The risk of Mallory-Weiss syndrome and its complications can be reduced by understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and taking preventative measures.
