Causes
Through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, cancer cells spread to the lungs from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body. There are several primary cancer sites that can metastasize to the lungs, including the breast, colon, prostate, kidney, and skin (melanoma).
Symptoms
The symptoms of lung metastases vary depending on the size, number, and location of the metastatic tumor. However, the following symptoms are common:
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The cough may produce blood or bloody sputum if it is persistent.
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Exertion-induced shortness of breath.
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The pain in the chest is often sharp and worsens with deep breathing or coughing.
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An obstruction or compression of the airway causes wheezing or hoarseness.
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An unusual feeling of fatigue or weakness.
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Weight loss that occurs without any changes in diet or physical activity.
Diagnosis
Lung metastases are diagnosed by:
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Tests that visualize the lungs and detect abnormalities or tumors, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans.
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By bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy, a sample of lung tissue is obtained to confirm the presence of metastatic cancer cells and identify the primary site.
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Tests for tumor markers or other substances that may indicate cancer in the blood.
Treatment
Lung metastasis treatment depends on several factors, including the primary cancer type, the extent of metastasis, overall health, and individual preferences.
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Metastatic tumors may be removed surgically if they are limited to a few areas of the lungs and the primary tumor is under control.
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Targeted radiation is used to shrink or destroy tumors and relieve symptoms.
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A systemic treatment with drugs that kills cancer cells throughout the body.
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Cancer cells are attacked by immunotherapy drugs, which boost the body's immune response.
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Cancer drugs that target specific genetic mutations or characteristics of cancer cells.
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In advanced stages of disease, palliative care is used to improve quality of life and manage symptoms.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of lung metastases, it is important to manage and treat the primary cancer effectively. Individuals at high risk of cancer may benefit from early detection, timely treatment, and adherence to recommended cancer screening guidelines.
Conclusion
Symptoms of lung metastases include coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing, fatigue, and weight loss when cancer cells spread to the lungs from a primary tumor. It is possible to diagnose metastatic cancer through imaging tests, biopsy, and blood tests. There are several treatment options available, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and palliative care. The goal of prevention is to reduce the risk of metastasis to the lungs by effectively managing and treating the primary cancer.
