Causes
Deficiency of vitamin A causes keratomalacia, a serious eye condition that causes dryness, clouding, and eventual perforation of the cornea. It is essential to maintain the health and function of the cornea and conjunctiva, and a deficiency of vitamin A is mainly the result of malnutrition, malabsorption disorders, or chronic illnesses that impair nutrient absorption.
Symptoms
Keratomalacia is characterized by progressive symptoms that often begin with:
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One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is difficulty seeing in low light or darkness.
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The conjunctiva and cornea are dry in xerophthalmia.
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Spots of Bitot's: Foamy, whitish patches on the conjunctiva.
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Open sores on the cornea that can become infected are known as corneal ulcers.
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Advanced stages of corneal softening and perforation, which may result in blindness.
Diagnosis
In order to diagnose keratomalacia, a combination of clinical examination and patient history is necessary:
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Examine the eye using a slit lamp to assess dryness, corneal changes, and Bitot's spots.
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History of dietary habits and possible underlying conditions that may contribute to vitamin A deficiency.
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Measurement of vitamin A levels in the blood to confirm deficiency.
Treatment
Keratomalacia is treated by replenishing vitamin A levels and managing eye symptoms:
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High-dose vitamin A supplements are usually administered orally or via injection to restore vitamin A levels rapidly.
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Increasing intake of vitamin A-rich foods, such as leafy greens, carrots, sweet potatoes, and liver.
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Lubricants for the eyes: Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops that relieve dryness and discomfort.
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Topical or systemic antibiotics to treat or prevent secondary corneal infections.
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In severe cases of corneal perforation, surgical procedures such as corneal transplantation may be necessary.
Prevention
Keratomalacia can be prevented by ensuring adequate vitamin A intake, especially in at-risk populations:
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A balanced diet includes vegetables, fruits, and animal products that are rich in vitamin A and beta-carotene.
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Measures to improve public health: Implement vitamin A supplementation programs in areas with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.
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Promoting awareness of vitamin A's importance for eye health, particularly in malnourished communities.
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Regular health check-ups for children and people with chronic illnesses that may impair nutrient absorption.
Conclusion
In the case of keratomalacia, the cornea is damaged and potentially blinded as a result of vitamin A deficiency. Early symptoms include night blindness and dry eyes, leading to more severe corneal ulceration and softening. Symptoms are determined by clinical examination and serum vitamin A levels. Vitamin A supplementation, dietary adjustments, and supportive eye care are used to treat the condition. It is crucial to ensure adequate dietary intake of vitamin A and implement public health measures in high-risk areas to prevent and manage keratomalacia.
