Causes
The type of epilepsy characterized by sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches known as myoclonic seizures in children is called juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). In addition to genetics, certain genes may predispose individuals to JME, but the exact cause is unknown. A person who is susceptible to seizures may also be affected by environmental factors.
Symptoms
Symptoms of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy typically begin in adolescence, between the ages of 12 and 18, although they may emerge earlier or later.
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Often affecting the arms and shoulders, but may also affect the legs, myoclonic seizures are sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches.
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A brief episode of staring or blanking out, sometimes mistaken for daydreaming.
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Symptoms of generalized tonic-clonic seizures include loss of consciousness, stiffening of the body, and rhythmic jerking movements.
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Seizures can occur shortly after waking up, especially in the morning.
Diagnosis
Medical history, seizure descriptions, neurological examination, and diagnostic tests are typically used to diagnose juvenile myoclonic epilepsy:
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A healthcare provider will gather information about a patient's medical history, including any family history of epilepsy or seizures.
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Detailed descriptions of seizure episodes provided by the individual or witnesses can help differentiate between seizure types.
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Physical and neurological examinations are performed to assess cognitive function, motor abilities, and reflexes.
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An electroencephalogram (EEG) can detect abnormal electrical activity in the brain during seizures and may reveal characteristic patterns associated with JME.
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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain may be performed to rule out structural abnormalities.
Treatment
Antiepileptic medications are typically used to control and reduce the frequency of seizures in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy:
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In individuals with JME, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as valproic acid, levetiracetam, and lamotrigine are commonly used to manage seizures.
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Reducing the frequency of seizures may be achieved by avoiding known seizure triggers, such as sleep deprivation, alcohol consumption, and stress.
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Individuals with JME should take their prescribed medications regularly and as directed by their healthcare provider to maintain seizure control.
Prevention
Although juvenile myoclonic epilepsy has a genetic predisposition, it may not be possible to prevent it, but early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. A reduction in seizure frequency can also be achieved by avoiding known seizure triggers and following prescribed medication regimens.
Conclusion
In adolescents, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is characterized by sudden muscle jerks or twitches. Medical history, seizure descriptions, neurological examination, and diagnostic tests, such as electroencephalograms and imaging studies, are used to diagnose. As part of treatment, seizures are usually controlled with antiepileptic medications, lifestyle modifications, and medication compliance. It may not be possible to prevent JME, but early diagnosis and appropriate management can help improve outcomes.
