Causes
Blockages in the digestive tract cause intestinal obstruction, which prevents the normal movement of contents. The most common causes are:
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Physical Obstruction: This occurs when a physical obstruction occurs, such as:
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After surgery, adhesions form as bands of scar tissue.
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A hernia occurs when the intestine protrudes through a weak area of the abdominal wall.
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Intestinal tumors are cancerous or benign growths that block the intestine.
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A volvulus is a twisting of the intestines.
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Telescoping of one part of the intestine into another is called intussusception.
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A functional obstruction is caused by a disruption of normal peristalsis (muscle contractions that move food through the intestines). It can include:
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Ileus paralyticus: Temporary paralysis of the intestinal muscles, usually after surgery or infection.
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Opioids, for example, are drugs that affect muscle contractions.
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Symptoms
The symptoms of intestinal obstruction can vary, but they typically include:
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A severe and cramping abdominal pain may come and go.
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A bloated abdomen is a sign of swelling.
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Often, vomiting occurs, containing bile or feces.
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Gas or stool cannot be passed due to constipation.
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Partial obstructions may cause diarrhea.
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An infection or severe inflammation may cause fever.
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An inability to eat due to discomfort.
Diagnosis
There are several steps involved in diagnosing intestinal obstruction:
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The initial assessment includes a review of symptoms and medical history, as well as a physical examination to determine whether abdominal distention or tenderness exists.
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Imaging Studies:
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Gas and fluid patterns characteristic of obstructions can be identified with X-rays.
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A CT scan provides detailed images to identify the location and cause of obstructions.
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For children or specific obstructions, such as intussusception, ultrasound is useful.
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Blood Tests: To check for signs of infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
Treatment
Depending on the cause and severity of intestinal obstruction, treatment may include:
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The majority of cases require hospitalization for observation and treatment.
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A Nasogastric Tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach to remove excess gas and fluids.
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Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance can be corrected with IV fluids.
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Paralytic ileus is treated with medications to relieve pain, nausea, and sometimes to stimulate bowel movements.
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A surgical procedure may be necessary in cases of complete obstruction, severe cases, or when conservative treatments fail. Surgical options include:
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In the case of adhesions, tumors, or hernias, removing the obstruction is necessary.
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The removal of a damaged section of the intestine is called a resection.
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In cases of volvulus, untwisting the intestine is necessary.
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Prevention
Several strategies can be used to prevent intestinal obstruction:
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In order to prevent adhesions after abdominal surgery, proper management and monitoring are required.
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A fiber-rich diet promotes regular bowel movements and reduces obstruction risk.
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Especially for those with a history of intestinal issues or surgery, it is important to have regular check-ups.
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Treatment of chronic conditions such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis to prevent complications.
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When prone to obstructions, avoid medications that can slow down bowel movements.
Conclusion
For early diagnosis and treatment, it is essential to understand the causes and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. In addition to a healthy diet, regular medical checkups, and careful management of existing health conditions, preventive measures can reduce the risk of intestinal obstruction and improve digestive function.
