Causes
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the bloodstream. Common causes include:
-
Infections caused by bacteria include streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci.
-
Individuals with weakened immune systems are more likely to contract fungal infections.
-
Using contaminated needles while administering intravenous drugs increases the risk of introducing bacteria into the body.
-
Especially if there is preexisting dental or gum disease, certain dental procedures can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream.
-
Long-term use of intravenous catheters or implanted medical devices can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
Symptoms
Slowly or suddenly, infective endocarditis can cause the following symptoms:
-
Persistent fever and chills are common symptoms.
-
A healthcare provider detects a new or changed heart murmur.
-
A feeling of severe and persistent fatigue.
-
Breathing difficulty, especially during physical activity.
-
Sweating at night: Excessive sweating during the night.
-
Pain in joints and muscles: Pain and discomfort in joints and muscles.
-
A persistent cough is one that does not resolve on its own.
-
An increase in swelling in the legs, feet, or abdomen.
-
Small spots of red or purple on the skin, inside the mouth, or on the whites of the eyes.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests:
-
Assessing symptoms and listening for heart murmurs during the medical history and physical exam.
-
A blood culture is used to identify the specific microorganism causing the infection.
-
An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that detects abnormalities in the chambers and valves of the heart.
-
Checking for infection or inflammation with a complete blood count (CBC).
-
A chest X-ray is used to evaluate the condition of the lungs and heart.
Treatment
Infectious endocarditis can be treated with antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, surgical intervention:
-
In order to eradicate the infection, high-dose intravenous antibiotics are typically administered for several weeks.
-
Infections caused by fungi require antifungal treatment.
-
Surgery may be necessary in severe cases to repair or replace damaged heart valves, drain abscesses, or remove infected tissue.
Prevention
The prevention of infective endocarditis involves minimizing risk factors and maintaining good health practices:
-
Prevent gum disease and oral infections with regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups.
-
Preventative antibiotics given to high-risk individuals before dental or surgical procedures.
-
The best way to avoid intravenous drug use is to seek help for substance abuse and use clean needles if necessary.
-
Early treatment of infections prevents bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
-
Catheters and other medical devices need proper care and maintenance.
Conclusion
A serious condition like infectious endocarditis requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. It is crucial to understand the causes, recognize the symptoms, and take preventative measures to reduce the risk of this life-threatening infection. Early intervention and appropriate medical care are crucial to a positive outcome.
