Hyperthyroidism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces and releases too much thyroid hormone, causing various health problems in the body. It is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck that regulates metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and other vital functions.
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
There are several possible causes of hyperthyroidism, such as:
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The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, which is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland.
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A thyroid nodule is a lump or growth on the thyroid gland that sometimes secretes extra hormones, resulting in hyperthyroidism. A thyroid nodule can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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Thyroiditis causes the thyroid gland to release too much hormone, causing temporary hyperthyroidism. Thyroiditis can occur from infection, injury, medication, or other factors.
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An excess of iodine in food or supplements: Iodine is an essential mineral for thyroid hormone production. However, too much iodine intake can overstimulate the thyroid.
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A number of medications can interfere with thyroid gland function and cause hyperthyroidism. For example, amiodarone (a drug used to treat irregular heartbeats) contains high levels of iodine.
Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism can cause a variety of symptoms that may affect different parts of the body. Some of the common symptoms include:
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Weight loss despite increased appetite
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Rapid or irregular heartbeat
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Anxiety, nervousness, irritability, or mood swings
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Tremors or shaking of the hands or fingers
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Sweating or feeling hot
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Difficulty sleeping or insomnia
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Fatigue or weakness
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Hair loss or thinning
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Diarrhea or frequent bowel movements
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Menstrual changes or infertility in women
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Enlarged thyroid gland or goiter
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Bulging eyes or eye irritation in some cases
Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
As part of your diagnosis, your doctor will ask you about your medical history, family history, symptoms, and medications. They will also perform a physical examination, checking your pulse, blood pressure, weight, and thyroid gland. They may also order blood tests to determine your thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and thyroid hormone levels. A low TSH level and a high T3 or T4 level indicate hyperthyroidism.
The doctor may also order some imaging tests to check for thyroid nodules or inflammation. These tests may include ultrasounds, radioactive iodine uptake tests, and thyroid scans.
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
There are several treatment options for hyperthyroidism depending on the cause, severity, and complications of the condition. Treatment aims to reduce thyroid hormone production and release and relieve symptoms.
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Methylthiouracil and methimazole are examples of antithyroid drugs that block the thyroid gland from producing thyroid hormone. Antithyroid drugs are generally taken orally for several months or years until the condition is under control.
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A radioactive form of iodine is taken orally as either a liquid or capsule. As a permanent treatment, radioactive iodine may cause hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) in some cases. It is absorbed by the thyroid gland and destroys some of its cells.
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Propranolol and atenolol are beta blockers that reduce the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels. They are used to treat hyperthyroidism symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, and sweating.
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For people with large goiters, nodules, or cancerous growths on their thyroid glands, surgery is an option. It involves the removal of the thyroid gland through an incision in the neck. In addition to causing hypothyroidism, surgery can require lifelong hormone replacement therapy.
Prevention of Hyperthyroidism
There is no sure way to prevent hyperthyroidism, but you can take some steps to reduce your risk factors and monitor your thyroid health. Some of these steps include:
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Maintain a balanced diet that contains adequate amounts of iodine from natural sources such as seafood, dairy products, eggs, and iodized salt. Do not take excessive amounts of iodine from supplements or medications, unless directed by your doctor.
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Be sure to inform your doctor about your thyroid condition and take protective measures if you need to undergo medical tests or treatments that involve the neck or chest area.
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Follow your doctor's instructions and take your medication as prescribed. Get regular check-ups and blood tests to monitor your thyroid hormone levels.
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Manage your stress levels by practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga, breathing exercises, or hobbies. Stress can trigger or worsen hyperthyroid symptoms.
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You should seek medical attention if you notice any signs or symptoms of hyperthyroidism or its complications. A timely diagnosis and treatment can improve your outcome and quality of life.
