Causes
As a result of an overactive spleen, hypersplenism prematurely destroys blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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Cirrhosis, for example, is a chronic liver disease
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Hemolytic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood disorders
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Malaria and HIV are infectious diseases
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Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune disorders
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Toxins or medications
Symptoms
Hypersplenism may cause mild to severe symptoms, including:
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Low red blood cell count causes fatigue or weakness due to anemia
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Low white blood cell count increases susceptibility to infections
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Low platelet count can cause easy bruising or bleeding
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An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), causing abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the left side
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An increased breakdown of red blood cells causes pallor or jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
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Infections or fevers that recur frequently
Diagnosis
In order to diagnose hypersplenism, a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests is usually necessary. Diagnostic steps may include:
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A review of symptoms and medical history, including any underlying conditions or medications
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Examination for signs of an enlarged spleen, bruising, or other abnormalities
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Measurement of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other blood cell markers
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An ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI are used to visualize the size and structure of the spleen and determine if there are any underlying conditions
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The purpose of a bone marrow biopsy is to evaluate the growth and maturation of blood cells within the bone marrow and rule out certain conditions
Treatment
Treatment options for hypersplenism include managing symptoms, preventing complications, and addressing any underlying causes.
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Medications, lifestyle modifications, or other interventions used to treat conditions such as liver disease or blood disorders
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Blood cell-producing medications, such as erythropoietin for anemia or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for low white blood cell counts
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Transfusions of blood to replace depleted blood cells and alleviate bleeding or anemia symptoms
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In severe cases or when conservative measures fail to control symptoms, the spleen is surgically removed
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The use of supportive care measures such as vaccinations to prevent infections, dietary supplements to address nutritional deficiencies, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of injury or bleeding
Prevention
Hypersplenism can be prevented by addressing underlying conditions that cause the spleen to enlarge and become overactive. Some preventive measures are as follows:
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The management of chronic liver disease or other underlying conditions through appropriate medical treatment, lifestyle changes, and regular follow-ups
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Spleen enlargement or dysfunction may be exacerbated by exposure to infectious agents or toxins
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If you experience symptoms suggestive of hypersplenism or complications such as severe anemia, recurrent infections, or uncontrolled bleeding, seek medical attention immediately
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Individuals with underlying conditions predisposing to hypersplenism should discuss the risks and benefits of certain medications or treatments with their healthcare provider
Conclusion
In hypersplenism, the spleen becomes overactive and prematurely destroys blood cells. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and addressing underlying causes, but prevention may reduce complications and improve quality of life. In order to optimize outcomes and reduce the long-term impact of hypersplenism on health and well-being, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial.
