Causes
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, or hypersensitivity vasculitis, is an inflammation of the blood vessels caused by an abnormal immune response to a number of triggers. In hypersensitivity vasculitis, the immune system mistakenly attacks blood vessel walls, causing inflammation and damage. Common triggers include medications, infections, and autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms
Hypersensitivity vasculitis can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the size and location of the affected blood vessels. Common symptoms include:
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Rashes or lesions on the lower legs or other dependent areas of the body
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Tenderness or pain in the affected area
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Feelings of itchiness or burning
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Skin swelling in the affected area
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The fever
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Swelling or pain in the joints
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In cases of internal organ involvement, abdominal pain or gastrointestinal symptoms may occur
Diagnosis
In order to diagnose hypersensitivity vasculitis, a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests may be conducted. Diagnostic steps may include:
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An assessment of symptoms and medical history, including recent medication use, infections, and autoimmune conditions
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Examine the skin for rash or lesions, joints for involvement, and other signs of vasculitis
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Under a microscope, a small sample of affected skin is examined for typical changes in blood vessel structure and inflammation
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Testing for markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and to rule out other causes of vasculitis
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An ultrasound or angiography can be used to assess blood flow and detect abnormalities in affected blood vessels
Treatment
Hypersensitivity vasculitis can be treated by reducing inflammation, alleviating symptoms, and preventing complications.
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If identified, discontinue the offending medication or remove the trigger
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Pain relief and inflammation reduction using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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In more severe cases, corticosteroids can suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation
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Medications that suppress the immune system such as azathioprine or methotrexate for individuals who do not respond to corticosteroids or have recurrent episodes of the disease
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Localized skin rash or lesions can be treated with corticosteroid creams or ointments
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To relieve discomfort and swelling, rest, elevate affected limbs, and apply cool compresses
Prevention
In order to prevent hypersensitivity vasculitis, it is important to identify and avoid known triggers or allergens that can trigger an immune response. These measures may include:
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Individuals with a history of drug allergies or autoimmune diseases should avoid medications known to cause hypersensitivity reactions or vasculitis
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Preventing infections by practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick people, and staying vaccinated
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When starting new medications or after exposure to potential triggers, monitor for signs of vasculitis or allergic reactions
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Seeking medical attention promptly if symptoms suggest hypersensitivity vasculitis develop, to ensure early diagnosis and treatment
Conclusion
As a result of an abnormal immune response to various triggers, hypersensitivity vasculitis causes inflammation in the blood vessels. It is critical to identify and avoid known triggers for preventing recurrent episodes of vasculitis, even though treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. For proper diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity vasculitis, individuals should seek medical evaluation.
