Causes
It is a type of lung inflammation caused by inhalation of certain environmental allergens or irritants that is also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis. As a result of exposure to mold, dust, animal dander, bird droppings, and certain chemicals, HP develops when the immune system overreacts, causing inflammation and damage to the small air sacs in the lungs.
Symptoms
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the duration and intensity of exposure. Common symptoms include:
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Cough
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Shortness of breath
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Chest tightness
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Fatigue
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Fever
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Chills
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Muscle aches
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Loss of appetite
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Weight loss
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Clubbing of the fingers (in chronic cases)
Diagnosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is typically diagnosed using a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, imaging studies, and pulmonary function tests. Diagnostic steps may include:
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An evaluation of symptoms and exposure history, including occupational or environmental exposures
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Assessment of respiratory symptoms and signs of inflammation of the lungs
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A chest X-ray or CT scan is used to detect inflammation or scarring in lung tissue
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Testing the capacity and function of the lungs
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Tests to measure inflammation or immune response in the blood
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To collect fluid samples from the lungs for analysis, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is performed
Treatment
Treatment options for hypersensitivity pneumonitis include relieving symptoms, reducing inflammation, and preventing disease progression.
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Removing or minimizing exposure to known triggers or allergens
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In acute or severe cases, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress immune response
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People who do not respond to corticosteroids can take immunomodulatory medications such as azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil
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In advanced cases, oxygen therapy improves oxygenation and relieves respiratory symptoms
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Programs that improve lung function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life through pulmonary rehabilitation
Prevention
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be prevented by minimizing exposure to known allergens and irritants.
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Mold, dust, and other airborne allergens can be reduced by proper ventilation and air filtration systems in indoor environments
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Work in environments with high levels of allergens or irritants by wearing a mask or respirator
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Cleaning and maintaining heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems regularly to prevent mold and dust buildup
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If sensitized to these allergens, avoid activities or hobbies involving prolonged exposure to known triggers, such as bird or animal handling
Conclusion
As a result of exposure to environmental allergens or irritants, hypersensitivity pneumonitis causes inflammation and tissue damage. It is not possible to cure hypersensitivity pneumonitis, but avoiding known triggers, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important to seek medical evaluation for proper diagnosis and treatment of individuals with symptoms that suggest hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
