Hyperopia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
A common vision problem, hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, affects millions of people worldwide. The eye cannot focus light correctly on the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. As a result, objects close to the eye appear blurry, whereas objects far away seem clear.
Causes of Hyperopia
Hyperopia is usually caused by one of the following factors:
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The eyeball is too short, which means that the light rays do not converge at the retina, but behind it.
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The cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, is too flat, which means that the light rays are not bent enough to reach the retina.
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The lens, the transparent structure inside the eye that changes shape to focus light, is too thin or weak, which means that it cannot adjust the focus properly.
Hyperopia can be inherited, meaning that it runs in families. It can also develop with age, as the lens becomes less flexible and loses its ability to focus.
Symptoms of Hyperopia
The symptoms of hyperopia vary depending on the degree of the condition and the age of the person. Some common symptoms include:
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Difficulty seeing or reading objects that are close to the eye, such as books, computer screens, or labels.
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Eye strain, headache, or fatigue after performing near vision tasks for a long time.
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Squinting, rubbing, or blinking the eyes frequently to improve the focus.
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Crossing or drifting of the eyes, especially in children.
Hyperopia can affect the quality of life, the academic performance, and the social interactions of the person. It can also increase the risk of other eye problems, such as amblyopia (lazy eye), strabismus (crossed eyes), or glaucoma (high eye pressure).
Diagnosis of Hyperopia
Hyperopia can be diagnosed by an eye doctor, who will perform a comprehensive eye exam that includes:
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A visual acuity test, which measures how well the person can see letters or symbols on a chart at different distances.
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A refraction test, which uses a device called a phoropter to determine the lens power that corrects the person’s vision.
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A slit-lamp exam, which uses a microscope and a bright light to examine the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, the lens, and the retina.
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A tonometry test, which measures the pressure inside the eye using a device called a tonometer.
The eye doctor will also ask the person about their medical history, their family history, and their symptoms. Based on the results of the exam and the history, the eye doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment for hyperopia.
Treatment of Hyperopia
The treatment of hyperopia aims to correct the refractive error and improve the vision. The most common treatments are:
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It is easiest and safest to correct hyperopia with eyeglasses or contact lenses. When a person needs to see clearly, especially for near vision tasks, they'll need to wear them because they change how light rays are bent by the eye, causing them to focus on the retina.
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Hyperopia can be corrected with laser eye surgery, which is a permanent and more invasive procedure. During the surgery, the cornea is reshaped with a laser beam in order to bend light rays more precisely, which results in better vision. Prior to the surgery, the patient will have to undergo a thorough evaluation and follow the post-operative instructions carefully. There may be risks and complications associated with the surgery, such as infection, inflammation, dry eyes, or regression.
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In addition to refractive lens exchange, another permanent and more invasive method of treating hyperopia is corneal refractive surgery. The eye's natural lens is replaced with an artificial one, called an intraocular lens (IOL), which is designed to focus light rays properly. As with laser eye surgery, the person will have to undergo a similar evaluation and follow-up process. There may be risks and complications with the surgery, including cataracts, retinal detachments, and glare.
The choice of treatment depends on the person’s age, the degree of hyperopia, the overall eye health, and the personal preference. The eye doctor will discuss the pros and cons of each option and help the person make the best decision.
Prevention of Hyperopia
Hyperopia cannot be prevented, as it is mostly determined by the genetic and anatomical factors of the eye. However, the person can take some steps to protect their vision and prevent the worsening of hyperopia, such as:
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Having regular eye exams, at least once every two years, or more often if recommended by the eye doctor.
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Wearing the prescribed eyeglasses or contact lenses, and updating them as needed.
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Following the proper hygiene and care instructions for the eyeglasses or contact lenses, and replacing them when they are damaged or expired.
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Avoiding eye strain, by taking breaks from near vision tasks, adjusting the lighting and the distance of the screen, and using lubricating eye drops if needed.
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Eating a balanced diet, rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, that supports the eye health.
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Quitting smoking, as it can damage the blood vessels and the tissues of the eye.
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Wearing sunglasses, hat, or visor, to protect the eyes from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun.
By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hyperopia, a person can take charge of their eye health and enjoy clear and comfortable vision.
