Causes
Often referred to as joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) or hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD), hypermobile joints are characterized by movement beyond their normal range. Hypermobile joints are often associated with variations in collagen or connective tissue structure, but the exact cause is not always known. In some cases, hypermobility may run in families. Hypermobility may also be caused by genetics, hormonal influences, or repetitive strain on joints.
Symptoms
Hypermobile joints are characterized by increased joint mobility, which can manifest in the following ways:
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Joint movement that exceeds the normal range of motion
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Pain or discomfort in the joints, particularly after physical activity or prolonged standing
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An unsteady joint or a feeling that joints are giving way
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Joint dislocations or subluxations that occur repeatedly
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Strains and sprains of soft tissues
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Stiffness or fatigue in muscles that compensate for joint instability
Diagnosis
Hypermobile joints are diagnosed by combining clinical evaluation and joint mobility assessment. The following diagnostic approaches may be used:
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Examination of symptoms and medical history, including family history of hypermobility
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Standardized criteria such as the Beighton score are used to assess joint range of motion, flexibility, and stability
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Assessments of how hypermobility affects daily activities and quality of life
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Tests such as imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, MRIs) to rule out other underlying joint conditions or structural abnormalities
Treatment
Hypermobile joints are treated by managing symptoms, improving joint stability, and preventing complications.
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Strengthening muscles, improving joint stability, and enhancing proprioception (awareness of joint position) through physical therapy
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Stabilizing unstable joints with bracing, taping, or splinting
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The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), heat or cold therapy, or topical analgesics can all be used to manage pain
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The goal of occupational therapy is to address functional limitations and develop adaptive strategies for daily activities
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Joint protection, activity modification, and lifestyle modifications to minimize symptoms and prevent exacerbations
Prevention
It is important to adopt strategies to support joint health and reduce the risk of injury associated with hypermobile joints.
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Strengthening, stabilizing, and reducing hypermobility-related symptoms through regular exercise programs
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Exercises that may strain or destabilize hypermobile joints should be avoided
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To minimize joint stress during daily activities, use proper body mechanics and ergonomic techniques
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To support joint health and function, maintain a healthy body weight and diet
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To prevent long-term complications from acute joint injuries or symptoms of joint instability, seek medical attention as soon as possible
Conclusion
Symptoms such as joint pain, instability, and soft tissue injuries can be caused by hypermobile joints, which are characterized by increased joint mobility beyond the range of motion. Individuals with hypermobile joints can improve their joint stability and quality of life with management strategies such as physical therapy, joint protection techniques, and pain management, even though there is no cure for hypermobility. Hypermobility symptoms can be minimized and complications can be prevented with early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and preventative measures.
