Causes
Viruses such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attack the immune system by targeting CD4 cells, which help the body fight infections. AIDS is primarily spread by unprotected sexual contact, by sharing needles or syringes with an infected individual, or by mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Symptoms
In the early stages of HIV infection, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and rash. As the infection progresses, symptoms may become more severe and may include persistent diarrhea, weight loss, oral thrush, and opportunistic infections because of a weakened immune system.
Diagnosis
It is possible to diagnose HIV using blood tests that detect antibodies or viral RNA. HIV antibodies, which are produced by the immune system as a response to HIV infection, are the most commonly tested for HIV diagnosis. Additional tests may be performed, such as a viral load test to measure HIV levels in the blood or a CD4 cell count to assess immunity.
Treatment
Despite the fact that HIV cannot be cured, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively control it and prevent it from progressing to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). ART involves taking a combination of antiretroviral medications daily to suppress viral replication, reduce viral loads, and maintain immunity. A person with HIV can live a long and healthy life with proper treatment, reducing the risk of transmission to others.
Prevention
HIV infection can be prevented in several ways:
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The use of condoms consistently and correctly during sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
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Avoid sharing needles or syringes with others, and use sterile needles and syringes when injecting drugs.
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For individuals at high risk of HIV infection, daily medication (such as Truvada) can significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
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The use of antiretroviral medications within 72 hours of potential HIV exposure can reduce the risk of infection.
Conclusion
Left untreated, HIV infection can lead to AIDS, which affects the body's immune system. As a result of unprotected sexual activity and needle sharing, the virus can spread from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. The virus can be effectively controlled and AIDS can be prevented if blood tests are performed and antiretroviral therapy is initiated promptly. The risk of HIV transmission can be reduced by safe sex practices, needle exchange programs, and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.
