HER2 positive breast cancer is characterized by the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein. Here's what you need to know about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Causes
There is no clear cause for HER2 positive breast cancer, but genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including HER2 positive tumors, in certain women. This subtype of breast cancer may also be caused by factors such as age, hormonal influences, and lifestyle choices.
Symptoms
HER2 positive breast cancer has similar symptoms to other types, including:
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Breast lump or thickening: A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm.
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Swelling, distortion, or asymmetry of the breasts are changes in breast size or shape.
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Skin changes: Dimpling, puckering, or redness of the breasts.
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A change in the appearance of the nipple, such as inversion or discharge.
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A persistent pain or discomfort in the breast or nipple.
Diagnosis
HER2 positive breast cancer is typically diagnosed by:
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The breast tissue can be visualized and abnormalities identified using imaging tests such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI.
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A tissue biopsy is performed to obtain a sample of breast tissue for examination under a microscope. It determines whether cancer cells are present and whether they are hormone receptor-positive or HER2-positive.
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It is used to determine whether cancer cells overexpress the HER2 protein by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Treatment
HER2 positive breast cancer may be treated with:
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The HER2 protein is inhibited by targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (e.g., trastuzumab) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lapatinib).
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In combination with targeted therapy, chemotherapy can shrink the tumor before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) or destroy any remaining cancer cells after surgery (adjuvant therapy).
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As part of the treatment plan, a lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) or mastectomy (removal of the entire breast) may be performed to remove the tumor.
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It is possible to target and kill cancer cells in the breast or surrounding lymph nodes with radiation therapy.
Prevention
Breast cancers that are HER2 positive cannot be prevented by specific measures. It is possible to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in general by maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption, exercising regularly, and avoiding carcinogens.
Conclusion
The HER2 positive subtype of breast cancer is characterized by the overexpression of the HER2 protein. Diagnostic tests, biopsy, and HER2 testing will reveal a lump or mass in the breast, changes in the breast size or shape, and changes in the nipple. Treatment options include targeted therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. While there are no specific preventive measures for HER2 positive breast cancer, maintaining a healthy lifestyle may help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in general. It is essential to detect HER2 positive breast cancer early and treat it promptly to improve outcomes.
