Hepatitis A: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Infection with hepatitis A affects the liver and is one of the most prevalent types of hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis A can cause mild to severe illness and can be spread by infected people, contaminated food or water, or close contact.
Causes of Hepatitis A
The hepatitis A virus, which belongs to the picornavirus family, is responsible for causing hepatitis A. In addition to being able to survive for long periods of time, it can also tolerate high temperatures and low pH levels. After entering the body through the mouth, the virus travels to the liver, where it multiplies and damages the liver cells.
Hepatitis A is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, which occurs when the virus is passed from one person's stool to another's mouth.
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An infected person does not wash their hands properly after using the toilet, and then touches food or objects that are eaten or used by others.
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An infected person prepares or handles food or drinks that are consumed by others.
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An infected person shares utensils, cups, or other personal items with others.
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A person eats raw or undercooked shellfish that are harvested from contaminated water sources.
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A person drinks water that is contaminated with sewage or human waste.
Other modes of transmission of hepatitis A include:
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Sexual contact with an infected person, especially oral-anal contact.
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Blood transfusion or injection drug use with contaminated needles or syringes.
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Traveling to areas where hepatitis A is endemic or epidemic.
Symptoms of Hepatitis A
Symptoms of hepatitis A typically appear two to six weeks after exposure, and they can last for a few days to several months. The symptoms may vary in severity and frequency, and some people may not have any symptoms at all. Symptoms of hepatitis A include:
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Fever
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Fatigue
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Loss of appetite
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Nausea and vomiting
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Abdominal pain
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Dark urine
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Clay-colored stools
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Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
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Itching
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause acute liver failure, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Diagnosis of Hepatitis A
The diagnosis of hepatitis A is based on the history of exposure, the clinical symptoms, and the laboratory tests. The laboratory tests include:
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Blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies against HAV (anti-HAV). There are two types of anti-HAV: IgM and IgG. IgM anti-HAV indicates a recent or acute infection, while IgG anti-HAV indicates a past or chronic infection or immunity from vaccination.
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Blood tests to measure the level of liver enzymes (ALT and AST), which are elevated in hepatitis A infection due to liver damage.
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Stool tests to detect the presence of HAV in the feces, which can be done within 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms.
Treatment of Hepatitis A
In most cases, hepatitis A infections are self-limiting and resolve on their own. Treatment involves relieving symptoms and preventing complications.
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Resting and drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
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Eating a balanced diet that is low in fat and high in carbohydrates and proteins to support liver function.
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Avoiding alcohol and drugs that can harm the liver.
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Taking over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce fever and pain. However, these medications should be used with caution and under medical supervision, as they can also affect the liver.
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Taking anti-nausea medications such as dimenhydrinate or metoclopramide to control nausea and vomiting.
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Taking anti-itching medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids to relieve itching.
In some cases, hospitalization may be required for monitoring and supportive care, especially if there are signs of acute liver failure or dehydration.
Prevention of Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccine is safe and effective, and it provides long-term protection. It is given in two doses, six to 12 months apart. The vaccine is recommended for:
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Children aged 12 months or older
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Travelers to areas where hepatitis A is endemic or epidemic
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People who have chronic liver disease or clotting factor disorders
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People who use injection drugs or have sexual contact with infected persons
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People who work with HAV-infected animals or in HAV research laboratories
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People who have close contact with adopted children from countries where hepatitis A is common
Other preventive measures include:
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Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands with soap and water before eating or preparing food, after using the toilet, and after changing diapers.
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Avoiding eating raw or undercooked shellfish, or food or drinks that may be contaminated with HAV.
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Boiling or treating water with chlorine or iodine before drinking or using it for cooking or washing.
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Using condoms or dental dams during sexual contact with an infected person or a person of unknown status.
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Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with HAV, such as toilets, sinks, faucets, doorknobs, toys, etc.
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Reporting any suspected cases of hepatitis A to the local health authorities.
By getting vaccinated and following the preventive measures, you can protect yourself and others against hepatitis A.
