Head and Neck Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
A variety of cancers can be considered head and neck cancer, including cancers of the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. With 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths per year, head and neck cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
Causes of Head and Neck Cancer
The exact causes of head and neck cancer are not fully understood, but some factors that may increase the risk include:
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Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing
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Alcohol consumption, especially in combination with tobacco
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which can be transmitted through oral sex
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Exposure to radiation, asbestos, or other carcinogens
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Poor oral hygiene and dental health
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Genetic or familial predisposition
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Chronic inflammation or infection
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
The symptoms of head and neck cancer may vary depending on the location and type of the tumor, but some common signs include:
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A lump or sore that does not heal
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Difficulty swallowing or breathing
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Hoarseness or change in voice
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Ear pain or hearing loss
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Bleeding or discharge from the nose or mouth
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Swelling or pain in the neck or jaw
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Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer
To diagnose head and neck cancer, a doctor may perform a physical examination, ask about the medical history and risk factors, and order some tests, such as:
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Biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of tissue from the suspicious area and examining it under a microscope
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Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, or ultrasound, which can show the size, shape, and location of the tumor and whether it has spread to other parts of the body
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Endoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a light and a camera into the mouth, nose, or throat to look for abnormalities
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Blood tests, which can check for the presence of certain markers or antibodies that indicate cancer or infection
Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
The treatment of head and neck cancer depends on the stage, location, and type of the tumor, as well as the patient’s age, general health, and preferences. The main treatment options include:
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Surgery, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue, and sometimes reconstructing the affected area
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Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors
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Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to stop the growth or spread of cancer cells
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Immunotherapy, which uses substances that stimulate the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells
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Targeted therapy, which uses drugs that block specific molecules or pathways that are involved in the growth or survival of cancer cells
The treatment may cause side effects including pain, swelling, infection, bleeding, scarring, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, taste changes, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, or skin problems when used alone or in combination. To manage these side effects, the doctor may prescribe medications or suggest lifestyle changes.
Prevention of Head and Neck Cancer
Some ways to prevent or reduce the risk of head and neck cancer include:
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Avoiding or quitting tobacco use in any form
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Limiting or avoiding alcohol consumption
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Practicing safe sex and getting vaccinated against HPV
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Protecting the skin from sun exposure and using sunscreen
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Avoiding exposure to radiation, asbestos, or other carcinogens
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Maintaining good oral hygiene and dental health
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Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
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Getting regular check-ups and screenings
Early detection and treatment of head and neck cancer can significantly improve the quality of life and survival of patients. Many cases can be cured or controlled with appropriate treatment. It is therefore essential to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of head and neck cancer, and to seek medical attention if any signs or concerns arise.
