Gum Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is a common condition that affects the tissues and bones surrounding the teeth. Usually, gum disease is caused by bacteria that build up on the teeth, forming plaque, a sticky film that can harden into tartar over time. Infection and damage can range from mild gum disease (gingivitis) to severe gum disease (periodontitis).
Symptoms of Gum Disease
Some of the signs and symptoms of gum disease are:
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Red, swollen, or tender gums
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Bleeding gums when brushing or flossing
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Receding gums that expose more of the tooth root
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Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
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Loose or shifting teeth
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Changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting
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Pus or sores between the teeth and gums
Diagnosis of Gum Disease
To diagnose gum disease, a dentist or a dental hygienist will examine the teeth and gums, measure the depth of the pockets between the teeth and gums, take dental x-rays to check for bone loss, and ask about the medical history and risk factors.
Treatment of Gum Disease
The main goal of treatment is to control the infection and prevent further damage. The type and extent of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the response of the patient. Some of the treatment options are:
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Scaling and root planing: This is a deep cleaning procedure that removes plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line, and smooths the root surfaces to help the gums reattach to the teeth.
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Antibiotics: These are used to reduce the bacteria and inflammation in the mouth. They can be in the form of mouth rinses, gels, or tablets.
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Surgery: This is needed when the disease is advanced and the pockets are too deep to be cleaned with scaling and root planing. Some of the surgical procedures are flap surgery, bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration, and soft tissue grafting.
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Laser therapy: This is a newer technique that uses a laser to remove diseased tissue and bacteria, and stimulate healing and regeneration of the gums and bone.
Prevention of Gum Disease
The best way to prevent gum disease is to practice good oral hygiene and visit the dentist regularly. Some of the preventive measures are:
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Brushing the teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste
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Flossing the teeth at least once a day
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Using a mouthwash that contains antibacterial agents
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Quitting smoking and avoiding tobacco products
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Eating a balanced diet and limiting sugary and acidic foods and drinks
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Managing stress and other health conditions that can affect the immune system
In addition to affecting your oral health, gum disease can affect your overall health as well. In order to maintain a healthy smile, one can take steps to protect the teeth and gums by knowing the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gum disease.
