The condition is also known as onychomycosis, which affects the nails, primarily the toenails, causing discoloration, thickening, and crumbling.
Causes
There are a number of fungi that can cause fungal nail infections, most commonly dermatophytes. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments and can enter the nail through small cracks or cuts. Other factors contributing to fungal nail infections include:
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Excessive moisture creates an ideal environment for fungal growth on the feet.
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Showers, swimming pools, and locker rooms are particularly popular places to walk barefoot.
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It is possible for fungi to enter the body through damaged nails.
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Diabetes and HIV can weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility.
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Often seen in older adults, poor blood circulation is particularly prevalent in the extremities.
Symptoms
Fungal nail infections typically cause the following symptoms:
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Nails may become white, yellow, brown, or black due to discoloration.
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Infected nails often become thicker than normal due to infection.
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Infected nails may be brittle or crumbly.
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Misshapen or warped nails: The nail can become misshapen or warped over time.
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A slight foul smell may emanate from the infected nail.
Diagnosis
The following steps are involved in diagnosing a fungal nail infection:
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A healthcare provider examines the affected nail visually.
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To identify the type of fungus responsible for the infection, a sample of the nail clipping or scraping can be sent to a lab.
Treatment
Fungal nail infections can be challenging to treat and typically include:
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Creams, gels, or nail lacquers applied directly to the nail are most effective for mild to moderate infections.
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A prescription is needed for oral antifungal medications, such as terbinafine or itraconazole, which can treat more severe infections.
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For direct treatment of the nail bed, partial or complete removal of the nail may be necessary in severe cases.
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In some newer treatments, laser light is used to target and kill the fungus.
Prevention
In order to prevent fungal nail infections, it is important to maintain good hygiene and take care of the nails:
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Dry and clean your feet regularly, especially between your toes.
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Avoid tight-fitting shoes and wear shoes that allow air circulation.
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Sprays or powders with antifungal properties can help keep feet dry and prevent fungal growth.
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Use flip-flops or shower shoes in public showers, locker rooms, and around swimming pools to avoid walking barefoot.
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Keep your nails short, trim them straight across, and avoid cutting them too close to your skin.
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Wear clean, dry socks every day and change them if they become damp.
Fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments cause fungal nail infections. Diagnosis includes a clinical examination, lab tests, and nail discoloration, thickening, brittleness, distortion, and odor. Treatment options include topical and oral antifungal medications, nail removal, and laser therapy. Keeping feet dry, using antifungal products, avoiding walking barefoot in communal areas, trimming nails properly, and wearing breathable footwear are all ways to prevent foot fungus.
