Eye Allergies: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
The condition of eye allergies, also known as allergic conjunctivitis, affects millions of people worldwide. An allergic reaction to something irritates the eyes, such as pollen, dust, pet dander, or cosmetics, can cause itching, redness, swelling, tearing, and burning sensations. They can also make the eyes more sensitive to light.
Causes of Eye Allergies
Symptoms of eye allergies include an overreaction of the immune system to foreign substances, called allergens, that come into contact with the eyes. When the immune system binds to an allergen, it releases histamine and other chemicals, which cause inflammation and irritation in the eyes. Some of the common allergens can cause eye allergies include:
-
Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds
-
Dust mites and mold spores
-
Animal dander and saliva
-
Cosmetics and perfumes
-
Medications and eye drops
-
Contact lenses and solutions
Some people may have eye allergies all year round, while others may have seasonal eye allergies that occur only during certain times of the year, such as spring or fall.
Symptoms of Eye Allergies
The symptoms of eye allergies can vary from person to person, depending on the type and severity of the allergy. Some of the common symptoms of eye allergies are:
-
Itching and burning sensations in the eyes
-
Redness and swelling of the eyelids and conjunctiva (the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye)
-
Watery or mucous discharge from the eyes
-
Sensitivity to light and blurred vision
-
Sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion
Some people may also experience allergic shiners, which are dark circles under the eyes caused by increased blood flow to the area.
Diagnosis of Eye Allergies
A doctor will examine the symptoms, medical history, and exposure to potential allergens to diagnose eye allergies. A slit lamp, which magnifies the eyes and gives the doctor a better view of the eye's structure, may also be used by the doctor to examine the eyes. In addition to performing a skin test or blood test, the doctor may also identify specific allergens that cause eye allergies.
Treatment of Eye Allergies
In general, eye allergies are treated according to the cause and severity of the symptoms. Treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms and preventing further exposure to allergens.
-
By staying indoors when the pollen count is high, using air filters and humidifiers, washing bedding and curtains regularly, and removing pets from the bedroom, you can minimize exposure to allergens.
-
Using artificial tears or saline eye drops to wash away the allergens and lubricate the eyes
-
Applying cold compresses or ice packs to the eyes to reduce the swelling and inflammation
-
Taking antihistamines or decongestants orally or as eye drops to block the histamine and reduce the allergic reaction
-
Using corticosteroids or mast cell stabilizers as eye drops to suppress the immune system and prevent the release of inflammatory chemicals
-
Using immunotherapy or allergy shots to desensitize the immune system to the allergens over time
Prevention of Eye Allergies
The best way to prevent eye allergies is to avoid or reduce exposure to the allergens that cause them. Some of the preventive measures that can help prevent eye allergies are:
-
Wearing sunglasses or eyeglasses when outdoors to protect the eyes from pollen and dust
-
Washing the hands and face frequently and avoiding rubbing or touching the eyes
-
Using hypoallergenic or fragrance-free cosmetics and skin care products
-
Changing or cleaning the contact lenses and solutions regularly and following the instructions for their use and care
-
Consulting a doctor before using any over-the-counter or prescription eye drops or medications
By following the tips above, one can manage the symptoms and prevent complications from eye allergies. Eye allergies are not a serious threat to the vision, but they can cause discomfort and interfere with daily activities. It is, however, advisable to seek medical attention as soon as possible if the symptoms persist, are severe, or accompanied by pain, vision loss, or signs of infection.
