During or after physical exertion, exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) occurs, a rare but potentially serious allergic reaction. There is a combination of exercise and a trigger that triggers the sudden onset of allergic symptoms, ranging from mild to life-threatening. A straightforward overview of EIA, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Causes
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve both physical exertion and exposure to certain triggers, such as:
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People who are susceptible to food allergies may experience an allergic reaction if they consume certain foods before or after exercising, such as wheat, shellfish, nuts, or dairy products.
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Pollen, insect stings, latex, or other environmental allergens may contribute to EIA during physical activity.
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Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, or beta-blockers, may increase the risk of exercise-induced allergic reactions.
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In some people, rapid changes in body temperature, such as exercising in hot or cold environments, can trigger an allergic reaction.
Symptoms
Anaphylaxis caused by exercise can present with a variety of symptoms, including:
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Reactions on the skin include itching, hives, flushing, or redness.
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Wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, or tightness in the throat are all respiratory symptoms.
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Symptoms of gastrointestinal distress include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
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A rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, fainting, or low blood pressure are cardiovascular symptoms.
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When severe, anaphylactic shock can cause difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat or tongue, confusion, loss of consciousness, or cardiac arrest.
Diagnosis
A thorough medical evaluation is required to diagnose exercise-induced anaphylaxis, which may include:
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An explanation of any allergies, exercise habits, dietary intake, and medications that you are taking.
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Examination of the skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and other relevant areas for signs of allergic reaction or anaphylaxis.
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A controlled exercise challenge test is performed under medical supervision to assess the onset of symptoms and confirm the diagnosis of EIA.
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Identifying specific allergens that may trigger allergic reactions, including food allergens, environmental allergens, or medications, using skin prick tests or blood tests.
Treatment
Anaphylaxis caused by exercise can be treated in several ways, depending on the severity of symptoms.
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When experiencing symptoms of anaphylaxis, seek emergency medical attention immediately. Administer epinephrine (adrenaline) if available.
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Oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) may relieve mild allergic symptoms such as itching or hives.
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Wheezing and shortness of breath can be relieved with inhaled bronchodilators such as albuterol.
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An oral or intravenous corticosteroid may be prescribed by a healthcare professional to reduce inflammation and prevent recurrence.
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Exercise-induced anaphylaxis triggers include specific foods, environmental allergens, medications, and exercise conditions that may cause an allergic reaction.
Prevention
Although exercise-induced anaphylaxis may not be completely prevented, certain precautions may help reduce the risk:
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Track activities, foods, medications, and environmental factors associated with episodes of EIA to identify potential triggers.
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Before or during exercise, avoid foods or environmental allergens that trigger allergic reactions.
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People with a history of exercise-induced anaphylaxis should carry an epinephrine auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen) and know how to use it.
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You should exercise with a friend or partner who is aware of your condition and knows how to recognize and respond to allergic reactions.
In summary, exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a rare but potentially severe allergic reaction that can occur during or after physical exertion. Managing the condition effectively and reducing the risk of allergic reactions during exercise can be enhanced by understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. To treat anaphylaxis, seek immediate medical attention and follow the guidance of healthcare professionals.
