Describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of duodenal atresia, a congenital obstruction of the first part of the small intestine.
Causes
Despite not being fully understood, duodenal atresia is believed to result from abnormal development of the duodenum during fetal development. In addition to genetic factors, the condition is more common among infants whose mothers have diabetes or who take certain medications during pregnancy.
Symptoms
Symptoms of duodenal atresia typically present shortly after birth and may include:
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Vomiting of green or yellowish fluid with bile stains shortly after birth.
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Swelling or distention of the abdomen caused by fluid accumulation.
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A newborn may not pass meconium (the dark, sticky stool of a newborn) within the first 24 to 48 hours of life.
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Symptoms of dehydration include decreased urine output, dry mouth, and sunken fontanelles (soft spots on the head).
Diagnosis
Diagnosing duodenal atresia typically involves:
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An infant's physical examination includes assessing abdominal distention and signs of dehydration.
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X-rays, ultrasounds, or contrast studies (such as upper gastrointestinal series) may be used to visualize the blockage and confirm the diagnosis.
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Dehydration and electrolyte levels can be assessed with blood tests.
Treatment
Surgical intervention is typically required to repair duodenal atresia. Common treatment approaches include:
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Duodenal obstruction is best treated by surgery. The blocked portion of the duodenum is removed, and the healthy segments are connected to restore intestinal continuity.
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To relieve vomiting and decompress the stomach, a nasogastric tube may be inserted through the nose and into the stomach before surgery.
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During and after surgery, infants may receive intravenous fluids to maintain hydration and correct electrolyte imbalances.
Prevention
Despite the fact that duodenal atresia is a congenital condition, certain preventive measures can reduce the risk of complications:
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Regular checkups and screenings can help identify and manage any risk factors or complications during pregnancy with adequate prenatal care.
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Congenital anomalies can be reduced by avoiding exposure to harmful substances, such as tobacco smoke and certain medications, during pregnancy.
An infant with duodenal atresia requires early recognition, prompt diagnosis, and surgical intervention to prevent complications.
