Dry Mouth: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
In xerostomia, the salivary glands do not produce enough saliva to keep the mouth moist, resulting in dry mouth. In order to maintain oral health, saliva is necessary, since it helps wash away food particles, bacteria, and acids that can damage the teeth and gums. Although dry mouth affects anyone, it is more common among older adults, those who take certain medications, and those who have certain medical conditions.
Causes of Dry Mouth
There are many possible causes of dry mouth, such as:
-
Many prescription and over-the-counter medications can reduce saliva production, including antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, painkillers, and diuretics.
-
Diabetes, Sjögren's syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and others can affect the salivary glands or the nerves that control them.
-
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy to the head and neck can damage the salivary glands and reduce saliva flow.
-
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs can alter the quality and quantity of saliva.
-
Dehydration: Lack of fluid intake, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and other factors can cause dehydration and dry mouth.
-
Lifestyle factors: Smoking, chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol, breathing through the mouth, and consuming caffeinated or acidic beverages can dry out the mouth.
Symptoms of Dry Mouth
Some of the common symptoms of dry mouth are:
-
A sticky, dry, or burning sensation in the mouth
-
Difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking, or tasting
-
Cracked lips, sores, or infections in the mouth
-
Bad breath, tooth decay, or gum disease
-
A change in the sense of smell or taste
-
A sore throat, hoarseness, or dry nasal passages
Diagnosis of Dry Mouth
A dentist or a doctor will examine a patient's medical history, medications, and symptoms to diagnose dry mouth. To rule out other causes of dry mouth, they may order blood tests, imaging tests, or a biopsy. They may also perform a physical examination of the mouth and salivary glands, as well as measure the amount and quality of saliva.
Treatment of Dry Mouth
The treatment of dry mouth depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some of the possible treatments are:
-
Medication adjustment: If a medication is causing dry mouth, the doctor may change the dose, switch to a different drug, or prescribe a medication that stimulates saliva production, such as pilocarpine or cevimeline.
-
Saliva substitutes: Artificial saliva products, such as sprays, rinses, gels, or lozenges, can help moisten the mouth and relieve discomfort.
-
Saliva stimulants: Chewing sugar-free gum or candy, sipping water, or using a humidifier can help stimulate saliva flow and prevent dryness.
-
Oral hygiene: Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using a fluoride or antimicrobial mouthwash can help prevent tooth decay and gum disease caused by dry mouth. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are also important.
-
Lifestyle changes: Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and acidic foods and drinks can help reduce dry mouth. Breathing through the nose, rather than the mouth, can also help.
Prevention of Dry Mouth
Some of the ways to prevent or reduce the risk of dry mouth are:
-
Drinking plenty of water and staying hydrated
-
Eating a balanced diet and avoiding spicy, salty, or dry foods
-
Using a humidifier or a vaporizer to add moisture to the air
-
Practicing good oral hygiene and visiting the dentist regularly
-
Managing stress and anxiety
-
Seeking medical attention for any underlying health problems that may cause dry mouth
Many people suffer from dry mouth, which can affect their quality of life and oral health. The condition can be managed and relieved by identifying the cause, following the treatment plan, and adopting some preventive measures.
