Diphtheria: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
The bacterial infection diphtheria affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose, causing breathing problems, heart damage, nerve damage, and even death if left untreated. Here are some of the causes, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and preventions of diphtheria.
Causes of Diphtheria
Bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae release a toxin that damages nasal and throat tissue and forms a thick gray coating known as a pseudomembrane. In addition to affecting the heart, brain, and kidneys, the toxin can also spread through the bloodstream.
Through coughing, sneezing, or spitting, diphtheria can be transmitted from one person to another. It is also spread by touching objects containing the bacteria, such as cups or tissues. Even if the person does not show signs of diphtheria, he or she can still infect others for up to six weeks after the initial infection.
Symptoms of Diphtheria
Diphtheria usually presents with symptoms two to five days after exposure to the bacteria. The most common and visible symptom is a thick, gray coating on the throat and tonsils. Other symptoms include:
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Fever
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Chills
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Swollen glands in the neck
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Sore throat
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Difficulty swallowing
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Difficulty breathing
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Cough
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Wheezing
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Bluish skin
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Drooling
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General feeling of discomfort or illness
This type of diphtheria causes ulcers, sores, or blisters that are covered by gray membranes. Cutaneous diphtheria is more common in tropical climates or crowded areas.
Diagnosis of Diphtheria
If you suspect that you or someone you know has diphtheria, you should seek medical attention immediately. A doctor can diagnose diphtheria by looking for swelling, pain, or pseudomembranes in the nose and throat. For testing for the toxin and identifying bacteria, a swab of the throat or skin lesion will be sent to the laboratory. A blood test may also be done to check for signs of infection or organ damage.
Treatment of Diphtheria
An antitoxin and antibiotics are used to treat diphtheria, a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
As an injection, the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin produced by the bacteria. The antitoxin can prevent further damage to the organs, but cannot reverse the damage already done.
In addition to killing bacteria and preventing them from multiplying, antibiotics can also prevent complications and transmission of infection to others.
In some cases, surgery may be required to remove the pseudomembrane or drain an abscess. Supportive care may also include oxygen therapy, fluids, pain relievers, and fever reducers.
Prevention of Diphtheria
Diphtheria can be prevented by getting vaccinated. There are vaccines that protect against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. These vaccines are given in a series of shots during childhood and booster doses throughout adulthood.
In addition to vaccination, you can also prevent diphtheria by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected people or objects. You should wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. It is important to cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and dispose of used tissues properly. You should contact your doctor and receive preventive antibiotics if you have been infected with diphtheria.
In the event of diphtheria, you should consult your doctor or health care provider immediately. Diphtheria is a serious and potentially fatal infection that can be prevented with vaccination and prompt treatment.
