It is highly contagious and causes a rash of small, fluid-filled blisters on the skin. Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is usually a mild infection that affects children, but it can also affect adults and cause serious complications.
What causes chickenpox?
An outbreak of chickenpox is caused by the herpesvirus varicella-zoster (VZV). In addition to contacting blister fluid directly, VZV can also spread through respiratory droplets caused by coughing or sneezing. In addition, VZV can remain dormant in nerve cells and reactivate later in life, causing shingles.
Some factors that increase the risk of getting chickenpox are:
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Being unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated against chickenpox.
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Having a weak immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant.
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Being pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Being exposed to someone who has chickenpox or shingles.
What are the symptoms of chickenpox?
The symptoms of chickenpox usually appear 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. The symptoms may include:
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Fever, headache, fatigue, or loss of appetite.
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A rash of small, red, itchy bumps that appear on the face, scalp, chest, back, and limbs. The bumps may turn into blisters that break open and crust over.
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Painful or swollen joints or muscles.
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Sore throat or difficulty swallowing.
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Eye irritation or conjunctivitis.
In some cases, chickenpox may cause more severe symptoms, such as:
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Dehydration or electrolyte imbalance due to vomiting or diarrhea.
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Skin infection or cellulitis due to scratching or bacteria entering the blisters.
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Pneumonia or bronchitis due to inflammation or infection of the lungs.
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Encephalitis or meningitis due to inflammation or infection of the brain or spinal cord.
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Reye’s syndrome or liver failure due to aspirin use in children with chickenpox.
How is chickenpox diagnosed?
It is important to visit your doctor as soon as possible if you are experiencing any symptoms of chickenpox. Your doctor may additionally order some tests in order to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. These tests may include:
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A blood test to check for antibodies against VZV or other infections such as measles or rubella.
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A skin scraping or swab to collect and analyze a sample of fluid from the blisters for signs of VZV or bacteria.
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A chest X-ray to look for signs of pneumonia or lung damage.
How is chickenpox treated?
Chickenpox is treated differently depending on the age and health of the person, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Some of the most common treatments include:
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Apply cool compresses, calamine lotion, oatmeal baths, or baking soda paste to the skin to relieve itching; wear loose-fitting clothing; trim fingernails; and avoid scratching.
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Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen; prescription antihistamines such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine; or prescription anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids.
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Acyclovir and valacyclovir are prescription antiviral drugs; penicillin or erythromycin are prescription antibiotics; fluconazole or ketoconazole are prescription antifungal drugs.
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Medications to prevent complications. A prescription immunoglobulin (IG) injection is available for people with weak immune systems; a prescription varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) injection is available for pregnant women who have been exposed to chickenpox; and a prescription varicella vaccine is available for people who haven't been immunized against chickenpox.
How can you prevent chickenpox?
By reducing your exposure to VZV and boosting your immunity, you can prevent chickenpox. These steps include:
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The vaccines Varivax and ProQuad can protect you from chickenpox. The vaccines are recommended for children aged 12 months to 12 years, but can be given to adults as well.
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The best way to avoid chickenpox and shingles is to stay away from people who have active rashes or blisters. You should also wash your hands frequently and disinfect any objects or surfaces that may be contaminated with the virus.
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You should wash your skin with soap and water regularly and keep it moisturized. You should avoid scratching or picking at blisters, and use antiseptic creams and ointments to prevent infection.
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You should eat foods rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and protein to support your immune system and heal your skin. You should also drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and flush out toxins.
It is a common, mild infection that can affect anyone at any age. You should contact your doctor if you experience chickenpox signs or symptoms right away. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, you can avoid complications and recover from chickenpox.
