B Cell Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
B cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells called B lymphocytes, or B cells. Infections and diseases are dealt with by B cells, which form tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other organs when some B cells grow out of control.
Causes
The exact cause of B cell lymphoma is not known, but some factors may increase the risk of developing it. These include:
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Age: B cell lymphoma is more common in older adults, especially over 60 years old.
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B cell lymphomas may be triggered or contributed to by viral or bacterial infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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B cell lymphoma is associated with conditions that weaken the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases, organ transplants, or immunosuppressive drugs.
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Some substances or sources of radiation, such as pesticides, herbicides, solvents, or nuclear accidents, can damage the DNA of B cells, causing them to become cancerous.
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Family history: Having a close relative with B cell lymphoma may increase the risk of developing it.
Symptoms
The symptoms of B cell lymphoma may vary depending on the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:
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Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, groin, or abdomen
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Fever, night sweats, or weight loss
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Fatigue, weakness, or anemia
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Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath
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Abdominal pain, bloating, or nausea
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Skin rash, itching, or redness
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Headache, vision problems, or seizures
Diagnosis
To diagnose B cell lymphoma, the doctor may perform a physical exam, ask about the medical history and symptoms, and order some tests. These may include:
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Blood tests: To check the levels of blood cells, antibodies, and other substances in the blood.
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Biopsy: To remove a sample of tissue from the affected area and examine it under a microscope for signs of cancer.
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Imaging tests: To take pictures of the inside of the body using X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET).
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Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: To remove a sample of bone marrow from the hip or chest bone and examine it for signs of cancer.
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Lumbar puncture: To collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lower back and test it for signs of cancer.
Treatment
The treatment of B cell lymphoma depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the age, health, and preferences of the patient. The main types of treatment are:
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Chemotherapy: To use drugs that kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion.
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Immunotherapy: To use drugs that stimulate or enhance the immune system to fight cancer cells. Immunotherapy may be given by injection or infusion.
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Targeted therapy: To use drugs that target specific molecules or genes that are involved in the growth or survival of cancer cells. Targeted therapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion.
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Radiation therapy: To use high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors. Radiation therapy may be given externally or internally.
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Stem cell transplant: To replace the damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells from the patient or a donor. Stem cell transplant may be done after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
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Surgery: To remove the tumor or the affected organ, such as the spleen. Surgery may be done alone or in combination with other treatments.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent B cell lymphoma, but some steps may help reduce the risk of developing it. These include:
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Avoiding or limiting exposure to chemicals or radiation that may cause cancer
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Protecting oneself from infections that may trigger or contribute to B cell lymphoma, such as practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated, and taking antibiotics when needed
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Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking and alcohol
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Getting regular check-ups and screenings, especially if there is a family history or other risk factors for B cell lymphoma