Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of cancer that usually develops in the salivary glands, although it may also occur in the breast, trachea, or lacrimal glands. A brief overview of ACC, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Causes
Although the exact cause of adenoid cystic carcinoma is not fully understood, it is believed to be caused by genetic mutations which cause cells to divide and grow uncontrollably, resulting in tumors. Radiation exposure, especially high-dose radiation therapy used to treat previous cancers, and certain occupational exposures can be risk factors for ACC.
Symptoms
According to the location and size of the tumor, symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma may vary. Common symptoms include:
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In the salivary glands, breast, or other affected areas, a painless lump or swelling may develop.
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The tumor may cause pain or discomfort if it presses on nearby structures or nerves.
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Tumors in the throat or trachea can cause difficulty swallowing, breathing, or speaking.
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Hoarseness or changes in voice quality may result from tumors of the vocal cords or larynx.
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If the tumor affects the nerves in the face or head, numbness, weakness, or facial paralysis may occur.
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Other symptoms may include vision changes, eye discomfort, or nasal congestion depending on the location of the tumor.
Diagnosis
In order to diagnose adenoid cystic carcinoma, a medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy are required. Diagnostic assessments may include:
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An evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and physical examination to assess for signs of tumors or abnormalities.
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CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, or ultrasound tests can be performed to visualize the tumor, determine its size and location, and detect any spread to nearby structures or distant organs.
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In order to confirm the diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma, a tissue biopsy may be performed to obtain a sample of the tumor for microscopic examination by a pathologist.
Treatment
There are several treatment options for adenoid cystic carcinoma, depending on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the individual's overall health.
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The most common treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma is surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor completely while preserving nearby structures and functions.
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Before or after surgery, radiation therapy may shrink a tumor, destroy remaining cancer cells, or alleviate symptoms such as pain or swallowing difficulty.
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In some cases, chemotherapy may be used, particularly for advanced or metastatic adenoid cystic carcinomas that have not responded to other treatment options. However, chemotherapy is generally less effective for ACC than other types of cancer.
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The use of targeted therapies, such as molecularly targeted drugs or immunotherapy, can inhibit the growth or spread of cancer cells in certain cases.
Prevention
Due to the lack of a clear understanding of the causes of adenoid cystic carcinoma, there are no specific preventive measures available. The risk of developing ACC can be reduced, however, by avoiding known risk factors such as radiation and occupational hazards. An individual diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma may also benefit from early detection and prompt treatment of any suspicious lumps or abnormalities.
