A diabetic ketoacidosis can have life-threatening consequences. The body breaks down fat for energy when there is no insulin to use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source. The result is an accumulation of acids in the blood and urine called ketones that can cause organ damage and lead to excessive acidity.
People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to develop DKA, but it can also occur in people with type 2 diabetes or other conditions that affect insulin production, such as pregnancy, pancreatitis, or infection.
Missing or skipping insulin doses
Illness or infection, especially if it causes fever, vomiting, or diarrhea
Dehydration or fluid loss
Surgery, trauma, or stress
Alcohol or drug abuse
Certain medications, such as steroids or diuretics
The symptoms of DKA usually develop quickly, sometimes within 24 hours. They may include:
Increased thirst and urination
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Weakness or fatigue
Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
Fruity-smelling breath
Confusion or drowsiness
Blurred vision
If you have diabetes and suspect you have DKA, you should seek medical attention immediately. A blood test to detect DKA can include testing your blood sugar, ketone levels, electrolytes, as well as the acidity (pH) of your blood. In addition to checking for ketones in your urine, you may need other tests to check for the cause or complications of DKA, such as X-rays, electrocardiograms, or blood cultures.
DKA is a medical emergency that requires hospitalization and intensive care. The main goals of treatment are to:
Restore fluid and electrolyte balance by giving fluids through a vein (intravenous)
Lower blood sugar and ketone levels by giving insulin through a vein (intravenous)
Treat the underlying cause or complication of DKA, such as infection, heart problem, or kidney failure
The best way to prevent DKA is to manage your diabetes well and follow your treatment plan. This includes:
Taking your insulin as prescribed and adjusting your dose as needed
Monitoring your blood sugar and ketone levels regularly and keeping them within your target range
Eating a healthy diet and staying hydrated
Having a sick-day plan and knowing what to do if you get ill or stressed
Carrying a medical alert bracelet or card that identifies you as having diabetes
Seeking medical advice promptly if you have any symptoms or signs of DKA
With proper diabetes management and care, you can avoid diabetic ketoacidosis and live a healthy life.
